**Antigenic drift** is the result of point mutations causing slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)

Austin Community College

Viruses use different virulence factors to gain access to a host cell and cause disease.

Viral Virulence Factors

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

**Antigenic shift** is a major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment that occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same host.

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