An **epitope** is the exposed region on the surface of antigens that antibodies and T cells interact with. A single antigen may possess several epitopes, and different antibodies may bind to different epitopes on the same antigen.

Epitopes

Superantigens are exotoxins that trigger a nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines. The overproduction of cytokines, known as a cytokine storm, triggers a strong immune and inflammatory response that can lead to life-threatening conditions such as high fevers, low blood pressure, multi-organ failure, shock, and death.

Superantigens

An antigen is a molecular structure on the surface of a pathogen that the immune system recognizes as foreign or potentially harmful. They stimulate the production of antibodies or activate other immune cells to attack and neutralize it.

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Components of Humoral Immunity

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Antigens

B Cells are responsible for the production of antibodies, also called immunoglobulins. Antibodies are present in both the blood and tissue fluids and are involved in the body’s defense against pathogens and toxins.

Antibodies

B lymphocytes or B cells, mature in the bone marrow and are responsible for the production of glycoproteins called antibodies, or immunoglobulins. 

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