Pathogens residing within biofilms often exhibit increased resistance to antibiotics. This heightened resistance can be attributed to several factors: phenotypic changes in the bacteria, physical protection by the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) which slows antibiotic diffusion, and the presence of metabolically inactive cells deep within the biofilm that are less susceptible to antibiotics. Additionally, the close proximity of cells in a biofilm facilitates the exchange of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer.

Antibiotic Resistance in Biofilms

Biofilms are prevalent inside of human bodies and on many of the devices we use. While few biofilms are helpful for example in our intestinal and respiratory tracts, many can be harmful to our health.

Biofilms are complex populations composed of many different types of microorganisms in a structured ecosystem. Biofilms provide the microbes with an advantageous growth circumstances where the waste product from one organism may be the nutrients for another. They can be found in various environments stuck to surfaces.

Biofilms

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

The structure of biofilms are dependent on the environment in which they exist and nutrient availability. The collection of microorganisms within a biofilm are all embedded in an extracellular matrix with water channels. 

Structure of Biofilms

Quorum sensing is how different cell species in biofilms can communicate with one another, specifically about cell density. This is an essential response to environmental stimuli facilitated by autoinducers. 

Quorum Sensing

Applications of Biofilms to Human Health

Biofilm formation occurs in five stages:
1) Attachment of Planktonic Cells 
2) Colonizer Attachment
3) Microbial Growth
4) EPS Production and Formation
5) Secondary Colonizer Attachment and Microbial Dispersion

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