In Jerry Burger’s 2009 replication of Milgram’s obedience study, participants were stopped just before they could administer a 150-volt shock. What methodological justification allowed Burger to use this lower threshold as a valid proxy for the original 450-volt maximum?

Match each component of Jerry Burger's 2009 modification of the Milgram obedience study to the specific research-methodology goal it was designed to achieve.

To validly modify the Milgram obedience study while protecting participants, Jerry Burger had to analyze the relationship between voltage levels and participant behavior. Arrange the steps of his research design modification in the logical order of their analytical and ethical justification.

From the perspective of evaluating research methodology and ethics, Jerry Burger's $2009$ modification of the Milgram study is considered a successful design because it balanced the need to minimize participant risk with the need for scientific validity by using the $150$-volt mark as a statistically grounded proxy for total obedience.

In Jerry Burger's $2009$ modification of the Milgram obedience study, he reduced the shock threshold to minimize participant risk. What was the maximum shock level used in Stanley Milgram's original procedure that Burger's design was modified to avoid?

In Jerry Burger's $2009$ modification of the Milgram obedience study, the procedure was stopped just before participants administered a $150$-volt shock because historical data indicated that this point served as a reliable predictor of total obedience.

In Jerry Burger's 2009 replication of the Milgram obedience study, the procedure was stopped just before participants administered a _____-volt shock, rather than allowing them to continue to the 450-volt maximum.

Match each methodological challenge facing Burger's 2009 replication of the Milgram obedience study to the specific design decision he used to address it.

Burger's 2009 replication illustrates that a design modification reducing participant risk is scientifically defensible only when it is grounded in _____ evidence connecting the modified procedure to the outcomes of the original study—without such evidence, the 150-volt stopping point would have been arbitrary rather than justified.

Arrange the following criteria in the order they should be applied when evaluating whether a research design modification—such as Burger's 150-volt stopping point—successfully balances ethical responsibility with scientific validity.

Recall and describe the specific modification Jerry Burger made to Stanley Milgram's obedience study design in his $2009$ replication. What were the specific voltage thresholds involved, and what was the ethical purpose of this modification?

Based on the provided context of Jerry Burger's study, explain how a researcher can justify stopping a replication earlier than the original study's maximum threshold. Specifically, what empirical pattern in historical data allows for a valid comparison of obedience rates while reducing participant risk?

How can a researcher apply the design logic of Jerry Burger's $2009$ study to modify a different high-risk psychological experiment? Describe how historical data from the original experiment should be used to establish a safer stopping point without losing scientific validity.