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A prominent example of modifying a research design to reduce participant risk is Jerry Burger's $$2009$$ replication of Stanley Milgram's obedience study. To avoid the severe psychological stress caused by the original experiment, Burger stopped the procedure just before participants administered a $$150$$-volt shock, rather than allowing them to proceed to the $$450$$-volt maximum. This modification was effective because past data showed that participants who reached $$150$$ volts typically continued to the maximum, allowing Burger to validly compare obedience rates while minimizing harm.

Burger's Modification of Milgram's Study

In Jerry Burger's 2009 replication of the Milgram obedience study, the procedure was stopped just before participants administered a ____-volt shock, rather than allowing them to continue to the maximum level.

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