- How men and women are evaluated throughout diagnostic processes is based on the result of numerous preexisting stereotypical role attributions, which may skew the diagnosis of depressive illnesses. 
- Gender stereotypes may result in disparities in how men and women perceive and express their symptoms, which can also have the effect of resulting in different diagnoses.
- Perhaps the majority of the diagnostic tools are under-recording depression in men. The scales for assessing depressive disorders that are typically used for both men and women are more focused on symptoms that are unique to women than to men.

Possibilities proposed

Artefact theory explains that the differences in results are artificial rather than real. They are the results of multiple disparities in the measurement process.


Macalester College

Research suggests that the higher prevalence of major depressive disorder among women compared to men is not merely a result of differences in reporting symptoms or seeking help. Evidence indicates that the gender disparity likely originates from a combination of biological factors and distinct environmental experiences related to gender.

Explaining Gender Differences in Major Depressive Disorder Prevalence

Müters, S., Hoebel, J., &amp; Lange, C. (2013, September 30). Diagnosis Depression: Differences in Women and Men. 4(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.25646/3051

Diagnosis Depression: Differences in Women and Men

 Artefact Theory 

The biological functions that differ between men and women, such as the status of hormones, may have an impact on mental health. Women who have premenstrual syndrome, postpartum depression, or depressive disorders throughout menopause may experience depressive moods as a result of hormonal variations related to reproductive body processes or reactivity to certain hormone levels.

Biological Impacts

- Socioeconomic conditions, family and relationships, social networks, and influencing variables related to the working world are significant elements in this regard. 
- Results show that lower social status and employment status of "unemployed/not working" are associated with a higher risk of depression diagnosis in males of working age compared to women of working age. 
- The influence of social support is more important for women than for males. - - It is also worth mentioning that special situations like living alone or being a single parent of one or more children can be mentally taxing for both men and women.

Effects of social living conditions

Based on the provided case study and your understanding of why certain mood disorders are more prevalent in women, analyze the combination of factors that are likely contributing to Maria's symptoms. Distinguish between the different categories of influence present in her situation.

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