Bretherton, I. (1992). The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759–775. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759

The Origins of Attachment Theory

A child's attachment generally develops in phases as they grow:

•	0-6 weeks of life is known as the asocial phase

•	6 weeks to 7 months indiscriminate attachments are formed

•	7-9 months specific attachments are created

•	10 months and onwards, multiple attachments are established

Attachment Phases in Babies

Spilt, J. L., Koomen, H. M., &amp; Thijs, J. T. (2011). Teacher wellbeing: The importance of teacher–student relationships. Educational Psychology Review, 23(4), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9170-y 

Teacher wellbeing: The importance of teacher–student relationships

Similar to parental figures or caregivers to children, educators in the classroom develop mental frameworks for their various relationships with their students. These mental frameworks constitute a teacher's emotional beliefs and expectations about their professionalism and role-model abilities as a teacher for their students. Furthermore, it is found that attachment theory in educators is very important to their emotional wellbeing. 

Attachment Theory In a Teacher's Relationships with Students

A person's attachment style refers to an array of knowledge, expectations, and insecurities that an individual has about themselves and their close relationships. Attachment styles have been found to be more malleable in childhood and adolescence than in adulthood. The way caregivers respond to their infants, especially during times of distress, can determine the types of patterns of attachment the children form. A person's attachment style can be classified as secure or insecure.

Attachment Styles

References for Attachment Theory

Attachment theory comes from the joint and individual works of psychologists John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. The theory proposes that humans are born with a need to form close, emotional bonds with a caregiver and this bond created in early years can affect a human’s relationships for the rest of their life. The theory changed the way researchers thought about a child's tie to their mother and how disruptions through separation, deprivation, and loss can have lasting effects.

University of Colorado at Denver

Theories in clinical psychology have evolved over time and develop in order to try to explain human behavior and to find ways to help and understand people.

Theories in Clinical Psychology

McLeod, S. (2009). Attachment Theory. www.simplypsychology.org /attachment.html. http://www.psych205.com/uploads/2/6/3/0/26304200/simplypsychology.org-attachment.pdf

Attachment Theory (McLeod)

Attachment Theory

Implicit theories of self describe and individuals' belief about the malleability of abilities and traits. These beliefs of self can be categorized into two groups, incremental or entity.

- Individuals with an incremental theory of self believe that abilities and traits are generally malleable and able to be changed.

- Individuals with an entity theory of self believe that traits and abilities are generally fixed and predetermined.

Research suggests that these theories have a strongest effect on a person during challenging conditions or big transitional points in someone's' life

Implicit Theories of Self

Polyvagal theory explains how the vagus nerve can affect the nervous system and how the body reacts to external stimuli, which can cause changes such as being more defensive or varying the appraisal of a crisis. With regard to therapy, this could be seen in patients who may be having a traumatic event priming the SNS to activate. Also, positive feelings could cause the PNS to activate which leads to better rapport with a helper. 

Polyvagal Theory 

According to the article, eating disorders (EDs) involve dysfunctional eating behaviors. This includes restriction or binge eating. Types of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder.


Eating Disorders Are Severe Psychiatric Conditions


The ideas of Carl Rogers, particularly his concept of client-centered therapy, have been exceptionally impactful in modern clinical settings. This approach has fundamentally shaped how many clinicians conduct therapy and interact with their clients.

Influence of Client-Centered Therapy on Clinical Practice

The major psychological movements of behaviorism and the cognitive revolution have had a direct impact on clinical practice. They led to the creation of widely used therapeutic methods, including behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Therapeutic Approaches from Behaviorism and the Cognitive Revolution

The psychological triad is a conceptual model demonstrating the reciprocal relationships between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It is visually represented as an equilateral triangle with 'thoughts,' 'behaviors,' and 'emotions' at its points, connected by bidirectional arrows that indicate how each component continuously influences the other two.

The Psychological Triad

Clinical psychology utilizes numerous, sometimes competing, theories to explain human behavior and guide therapeutic interventions, rather than relying on one single, unified framework. Critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this theoretical diversity for the field. In your answer, consider the impact on both the practicing clinician and the individual seeking treatment.

Evaluating Theoretical Diversity in Clinical Psychology

A colleague argues that clinical psychology would be more effective if all practitioners adopted a single, unified theoretical model to explain human behavior and guide treatment. Evaluate this argument. In your response, discuss the potential strengths and, more importantly, the significant weaknesses of relying on one exclusive theoretical framework in clinical practice.

Evaluating the 'One-Theory' Approach in Clinical Practice

Sigmund Freud's contributions to clinical practice are historically significant, securing his place in the study of psychology's major movements. His psychoanalytic theory continues to shape contemporary psychotherapy, with its principles being particularly evident among therapists trained from a psychodynamic perspective.

Freud's Historical Significance and Influence on Clinical Practice

Modern psychotherapy has been significantly shaped by several key historical perspectives. The psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud and the client-centered approach of Carl Rogers have fundamentally influenced how clinicians interact with patients. Similarly, the movements of behaviorism and the cognitive revolution have given rise to major therapeutic methods like behavioral, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Historical Influences on Modern Psychotherapy

Despite the evolution of psychological theories, aspects of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory remain relevant in contemporary clinical practice. Its principles are particularly foundational for therapists trained in the psychodynamic perspective, who continue to apply its concepts in their work.

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