A small gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites (or cell body) of another neuron.

Synapse

A measure of charge in the axon (nerve fiber) when there is no signal in the neuron. Its charge is about -70mV, which jumps if the neuron is stimulated (in which case the charge is referred to as the action potential).

Resting potential

After a neuron's receptor is stimulated, a nerve impulse is released and the resting potential increases to the action potential, before going back down to the resting potential.

Nerve impulse

A the peak measure of charge in the axon when there is a signal in the neuron. Its charge is about +40mV and soon goes back to -70mV after the signal resides.

Action potential

A patient is diagnosed with a disorder causing progressive muscle weakness and poor coordination. Microscopic analysis of their nerve cells reveals a breakdown of the long, slender projections that carry signals away from the main cell body to other cells. Based on this information, identify the specific part of the nerve cell that is damaged and explain how its impairment leads to the patient's symptoms.

Neuronal Signal Transmission Failure

A patient is diagnosed with a disorder that specifically damages the long, slender projections extending from their nerve cells. This damage significantly slows down the electrical messages traveling *away* from the main cell body towards other cells, leading to symptoms like muscle weakness. Based on this information, identify the specific part of the nerve cell that is affected and explain its primary function that is being compromised.

Breakdown in Neural Communication

(usually) Long processes that send signals to other neurons. The transmitters of the neuron.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

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Functioning as the central building blocks and core information processors of the nervous system, neurons are interconnected cells essential for all tasks the system performs. The human brain contains around 100 billion neurons at birth. Their role encompasses everything from simple reflexes to complex cognitive functions.

Neurons

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

When viewing stained brain tissues under a microscope, the cells look like a network. This network structure in the brain is referred to as a nerve net.

Nerve net

States that individual cells transmit signals throughout the nerve system and that function was not continuous (opposing the beliefs held by nerve net theory)

Neuron doctrine 

The (metabolic) center of a neuron. It is in charge of keeping the cell alive

Cell body

Structures that branch out from the cell body. They receive signals from other cells. The receptors of the neuron.

Dendrites

Axons (nerve fibers)

Neurons are connected to a specific set of other neurons (not all neurons are connected with one another). When sets of connections are paired together, they form neural circuits.

Neural circuits

There exist specialized neurons that pick up information from the environment such as neurons in the eyes, ears and skin. They have a specialized receptor in place of the cell body and dendrites. 

Receptors

A lot of what someone experiences is not based on direct stimuli, rather representations in the nervous system

Principle of Neural representation

- mirror neurons 
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons 
- interneurons 

Types of neurons 

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is referred to as programmed cell death that can be used to eliminate unwanted cells. It plays a significant factor in preventing cancer or during development, for example, however it can have negative impact as well, especially regarding neurodegenerative diseases.

Groups of neuron structures that work together in the brain. Supports the idea that the brain works like a symphony - different areas work together to create various cognitions.

Neural networks ( neuroscience )

A hypothetical toxin is introduced into an organism's system. This toxin's only effect is to prevent neurons from communicating with one another, but it does not kill them or affect any other type of cell. Based on the primary function of neurons, what would be the most immediate and comprehensive outcome for the organism?

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