Elmore S. (2007). Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic pathology, 35(4), 495–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701320337

Apoptosis Mechanism 

Various morphological features have been identified that occurs during apoptosis. Some features include:
- Cell shrinkage
- Organelles packed tightly
- Pyknoisis
- Extensive plasma membrane "blebbing"

Apoptosis Morphology

Various highly complex and sophisticated mechanisms of apoptosis have been identified, but two main pathways include 1) extrinsic (death receptor pathway) and 2) intrinsic (mitochondrial pathway). The extrinsic pathway is initiated when a ligand binds to a receptor in the membrane and sends signals downstream to initiate apoptosis. The intrinsic pathway is initiated when changes are detected within the mitochondria and it signals a cascade effect of caspase activation. While the two apoptotic pathways seem distinct, recent evidence suggest that the two pathways may be linked and can influence one another.

Apoptosis Mechanisms

Apoptosis is referred to as programmed cell death that can be used to eliminate unwanted cells. It plays a significant factor in preventing cancer or during development, for example, however it can have negative impact as well, especially regarding neurodegenerative diseases.

Boston University

Functioning as the central building blocks and core information processors of the nervous system, neurons are interconnected cells essential for all tasks the system performs. The human brain contains around 100 billion neurons at birth. Their role encompasses everything from simple reflexes to complex cognitive functions.

Neurons

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/apoptosis

Apoptosis

When viewing stained brain tissues under a microscope, the cells look like a network. This network structure in the brain is referred to as a nerve net.

Nerve net

States that individual cells transmit signals throughout the nerve system and that function was not continuous (opposing the beliefs held by nerve net theory)

Neuron doctrine 

The (metabolic) center of a neuron. It is in charge of keeping the cell alive

Cell body

Structures that branch out from the cell body. They receive signals from other cells. The receptors of the neuron.

Dendrites

(usually) Long processes that send signals to other neurons. The transmitters of the neuron.

Axons (nerve fibers)

Neurons are connected to a specific set of other neurons (not all neurons are connected with one another). When sets of connections are paired together, they form neural circuits.

Neural circuits

There exist specialized neurons that pick up information from the environment such as neurons in the eyes, ears and skin. They have a specialized receptor in place of the cell body and dendrites. 

Receptors

A lot of what someone experiences is not based on direct stimuli, rather representations in the nervous system

Principle of Neural representation

- mirror neurons 
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons 
- interneurons 

Types of neurons 

Groups of neuron structures that work together in the brain. Supports the idea that the brain works like a symphony - different areas work together to create various cognitions.

Neural networks ( neuroscience )

A hypothetical toxin is introduced into an organism's system. This toxin's only effect is to prevent neurons from communicating with one another, but it does not kill them or affect any other type of cell. Based on the primary function of neurons, what would be the most immediate and comprehensive outcome for the organism?

Learn Before

Related

Learn After