University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Layered network architecture is a design framework that divides complex networking functions into distinct hierarchical layers. Each layer executes a dedicated task and relies on the layer directly beneath it, enabling individual layers to be designed, modified, and maintained independently.

Layered Network Architecture

In a layered network architecture, each layer executes a dedicated task and relies on the layer directly ___ it.

Based on the principles of layered network architecture, explain why the engineer can update this layer on its own, and state what dependency relationship governs this layer's operation.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a classic seven-layer conceptual framework used for teaching network communications. From the physical signals at the bottom to the user software at the top, its seven layers are Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

OSI Model

The TCP/IP model is a practical four-layer network framework implemented by the Internet. Rather than using seven layers, it organizes networking into four functional layers: Link, Internet, Transport, and Application.

TCP/IP Model

Encapsulation is the mechanism by which data moves across protocol layers during communication. As data descends through the layers on a transmitting device, each layer prepends or wraps it with its own header; upon arrival at the receiving device, data ascends through the layers and each header is stripped away in turn.

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