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Based on the principles of scientific research, define what a correlation indicates between two variables and explain why a correlation cannot provide evidence of causation, even if the relationship is extremely strong. Finally, state the only definitive research method used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Question: Based on the principles of scientific research, define what a correlation indicates between two variables and explain why a correlation cannot provide evidence of causation, even if the relationship is extremely strong. Finally, state the only definitive research method used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Sample answer: A correlation indicates a statistical relationship between two variables, meaning they move together. However, it does not provide any evidence of causation, regardless of the strength of the relationship, because the fact that they move together does not mean a change in one causes a change in the other. In scientific research, the only definitive way to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship is by conducting a controlled experiment.
Key points:
- A correlation indicates a statistical relationship where variables move together.
- Correlation provides no evidence about causation, regardless of how strong the relationship is.
- A controlled experiment is the only definitive way to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship.
Rubric: Grading Rubric: - 1 point: States that a correlation indicates a statistical relationship or that variables move together. - 1 point: Explains that correlation provides no evidence of causation, regardless of strength, because variables moving together does not imply one causes the other. - 1 point: Identifies a controlled experiment as the only definitive way to establish cause-and-effect.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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