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Based on the researcher's experimental structure, identify which variable is manipulated between subjects and which is manipulated within subjects, and explain how you know.
Case context: A researcher is investigating factors that affect driving ability. To do this, they have all participants complete a driving simulator course twice: once while using a cell phone and once without using a cell phone. Additionally, each participant is randomly assigned to drive the simulator exclusively in either a daytime setting or a nighttime setting.
Question: Based on the researcher's experimental structure, identify which variable is manipulated between subjects and which is manipulated within subjects, and explain how you know.
Sample answer: The time of day (daytime vs. nighttime) is the between-subjects variable because each participant experiences only one level of this factor. Cell phone use (with vs. without) is the within-subjects variable because all participants are tested under both levels of this factor.
Key points:
- Identify time of day as the between-subjects factor.
- Identify cell phone use as the within-subjects factor.
- Recognize that driving exclusively during the day or night means participants see only one level (between-subjects).
- Recognize that testing all participants both with and without a cell phone means they see all levels (within-subjects).
Rubric: Full credit requires correctly identifying 'time of day' as between-subjects and 'cell phone use' as within-subjects, based on how participants are exposed to the levels of each variable.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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