Sometimes, the researcher and the participants are blind to group membership to prevent their expectations from influencing the results.

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Researchers can test cause-and-effect hypotheses by conducting experiments.

Testing Cause-and-Effect Hypotheses

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Ideally, experimental participants are randomly selected from the population of interest.

Random Selection of Experimental Participants

In experiments, participants are randomly assigned to their respective groups.

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