Another broad-spectrum antivral drug that inhibits viral RNA polymerase. The drug has shown promise against Ebola and the novel Coronavirus in recent clinical trials. The study concluded in a significant decrease in time it takes for viral clearance as well as improvement in pstient chest CT scans.

Favipiravir

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168170220310832?v=s5
- Plant derived toxin
- Used at low concentration to treat hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia
- Shown to inhibit SARS-2 and MERS replication in the nanomolar range
- Inhibit NA+ K+ pump
- A low dose can reduce inflammatory cytokine production  in LPS treated rats: blocks nuclear translocation of NF-kB
- Can also promote interaction between the pump and AT1R and this receptor interacts directly with ACE2
- Potential con: very toxic at high doses
- Theory: very low concentrations of ouabain (possible digoxin) can cause the internalization of the pump in complex with AT1R and ACE2 reducing the cell surface expression levels of ACE2 hence preventing SARS-2 to enter the cell

Ouabain (39,8)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168170220310832?v=s5
-Plant derived toxin
- Used at low concentration to treat hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia
- Show to inhibit SARS-2 and MERS replication in the nanomolar range
- Inhibit NA+ K+ pump

Digoxin (28,33)

Santa Clara University

University of California, Santa Cruz

Previously used drugs approved by the FDA have been repurposed in order to be tested against COVID-19. However, clinical trials are underway for several anti-malarial drugs in order to test their effects against the disease.

In silico approaches that are currently used for drug repurposing, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and computational chemistry, constitute valuable tools to aid preclinical and clinical studies of nanomaterials directed for disease treatment. 


Drug re-purposing against COVID-19

Allam, M., Cai, S., Ganesh, S., Venkatesan, M., Doodhwala, S., Song, Z., . . . Coskun, A. F. (2020). COVID-19 Diagnostics, Tools, and Prevention. Diagnostics, 10(6), 409. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10060409

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/6/409

COVID-19 Diagnostics, Tools, and Prevention

- hydroxychloroquine
- chloroquine
- Remdesivir (GS-5734)

Anti-malarial drugs

Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs

Anthelmintic drugs

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332220307757
- Marketed drugs exhibit modest antiviral activity via the mechanism not necessarily the protein
- Ex. chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin
- CADs (catatonic amphiphilic drugs) have potential anti-inflammatory effects

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