https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168170220310832?v=s5
-Plant derived toxin
- Used at low concentration to treat hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia
- Show to inhibit SARS-2 and MERS replication in the nanomolar range
- Inhibit NA+ K+ pump

Pomona College

Santa Clara University

Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs

Richard Killick, Clive Ballard, Patrick Doherty, Gareth Williams,Transcription-based drug repurposing for COVID-19, Virus Research, Volume 290, 2020, 198176, ISSN 0168-1702,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198176.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168170220310832?v=s5

Transcription Based Drug Repurposing 

Another broad-spectrum antivral drug that inhibits viral RNA polymerase. The drug has shown promise against Ebola and the novel Coronavirus in recent clinical trials. The study concluded in a significant decrease in time it takes for viral clearance as well as improvement in pstient chest CT scans.

Favipiravir

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168170220310832?v=s5
- Plant derived toxin
- Used at low concentration to treat hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia
- Shown to inhibit SARS-2 and MERS replication in the nanomolar range
- Inhibit NA+ K+ pump
- A low dose can reduce inflammatory cytokine production  in LPS treated rats: blocks nuclear translocation of NF-kB
- Can also promote interaction between the pump and AT1R and this receptor interacts directly with ACE2
- Potential con: very toxic at high doses
- Theory: very low concentrations of ouabain (possible digoxin) can cause the internalization of the pump in complex with AT1R and ACE2 reducing the cell surface expression levels of ACE2 hence preventing SARS-2 to enter the cell

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