  After the study, the researchers explained their findings and the reason behind smaller hippocampal volume as a result of prolonged exposure to the neurotransmitter called glucocorticoids which are released during stress. It is hypothesized that prolonged exposure to this neurotransmitter can lead to atrophy of the hippocampus. The smaller hippocampal regions in DID can be correlated to prolonged stress exposure from trauma shared with other stress-related psychiatric issues such as PTSD. The exact mechanism of action of smaller amygdalar volume is unclear. 
  Other neurotransmitters such as glutamate, serotonin, and other endogenous opioids could have an impact on the volume of the hippocampus and the amygdala. Genetics also plays a role in hippocampal and amygdala development, thus making these individuals more prone to developing the disorder. 


Case Study Discussion

Using statistical tests and measuring volumetric changes, the results indicated that mean of the left and right hippocampal volume was 19.2% smaller than that of healthy subjects and for the amygdala, it was 31.6% smaller compared to healthy subjects.  The total mean brain volume of patients with DID was  343905.30  mm^3 while healthy subjects' total means brain volume was   346796 mm^3. 

Vassar College

Subjects: 
15 patients diagnosed with DID (mean age: 43) were compared to 23 healthy subjects (mean age: 34). All subjects were female. All subjects were verified and interviewed to ensure consistency with each group (DID and Healthy). 

Method: 
MRI machines were used to take brain scans of the brain. Sagittal images were taken along with specific MRI parameters to capture images of the area of comparison


Case Study Methods and Subjects 

Vermetten E, Schmahl C, Lindner S, Loewenstein RJ, Bremner JD. Hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in dissociative identity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;163(4):630-6. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.630. PMID: 16585437; PMCID: PMC3233754.

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