The person-environment transaction explains how people respond to and seek out situations that align with their personality traits. The three types of transactions are active, reactive and evocative. 

Person-Environment Transaction

Causes of Personality Stability:
-  Biology (DNA, hormones, etc.)
-  Childhood temperament
-  Physical factors (height, gender, etc.)
-  Environmental factors (class, hometown)
-  Birth order
-  Childhood experiences (bullying, neglect, etc.) 
-  Person-environment transactions 
-  Cumulative continuity principle 
-  Maturation

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Personality stability describes the belief that people generally maintain their personality and behaviors throughout life. 

Personality Stability

Funder, D. C. (2019). The personality puzzle. New York, NY: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.

The Personality Puzzle

Individuals' personality traits remain consistent in comparison to other individuals. Rank-order consistency also describes how individual behaviors are maintained over time and across situations. 

Example: A 6 year old who is very introverted compared to his peers will likely continue to be introverted compared to his peers in adulthood. 

Rank-Order Consistency

Causes of Personality Stability 

These claims serve as a guide for future research in personality development. Each principle explains how personality remains stable or how it changes over time. 

Principles of Continuity:
-  Cumulative Continuity Principle
-  Role Continuity Principle
-  Identity Development Principle
-  Corresponsive Principle


Principles of Change: 
-  Maturity Principle
-  Plasticity Principle
-  Social Investment Principle


Principles of Personality Change and Continuity 

As a child, Leo was known for being very talkative and outgoing, always making new friends at the playground. Now, as a sales executive in his 30s, he excels at networking and is consistently the most sociable person at company events. This long-term consistency in his sociable behavior best illustrates which psychological concept?

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