A cell's outer boundary is composed of a lipid bilayer, which is nonpolar on the interior. This structure is selectively permeable, controlling what enters and exits. Given this information, predict how a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2) and a larger, polar molecule like glucose would cross this boundary to enter the cell.

The cell membrane acts as a semi-permeable wall to block off intruders and let in specific molecules that the cell actually needs. To perform these tasks, the cell membrane has a lipid bilayer which excludes entry to all polar molecules except if there is a protein transporter specific for that exact molecule.

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Animal cell organelles are specialized entities in a cell that performs a particular function. 

- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Ribosome
- Mitochondria
- Lysosome
- Peroxisome 
- Cell membrane

Animal Cell Organelles

At the simplest level of construction, all cells possess a few fundamental components despite varying significantly in size, shape, structure, and function. These components include a cytoplasm (a gel-like substance composed of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth), a plasma membrane (also called a cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) that contains the cytoplasm, one or more chromosomes containing the genetic blueprints of the cell, and ribosomes which are organelles used for the production of proteins.

Fundamental Components of Cells

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane

Cell Membrane

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

The function of the nucleus is to store the genetic blueprint in order to make proteins during transcription and translation. The nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear envelope that acts as protection for the nucleus. The nucleolus which produces ribosomes to conduct protein production is also within the nucleus. 

Nucleus

There's two types of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): the rough and smooth, which are characterized by whether it has ribosomes attached. The rough ER has ribosomes attached to its membrane; the function of the rough ER is to produce proteins that either are part of a membrane or to be secreted outside of the cell which allows for further specialization of cells. The smooth ER, on the other hand, is specialized to produce steroids and lipids, as well as, to get rid of toxins within the cell. 

Endoplasmic Reticulum 

The purpose of the Golgi Apparatus is to sort protein packages to different destinations. The different molecules usually come from the ER and their final destinations can be differentiated by the several sugar compounds attached to them. These packages of proteins are transported by vesicles to their final destinations. The 3 possible destinations are cell membrane (for membrane protein or ion channels), extracellular secretion (for molecules that should exit the cell) and the lysosome (which destroys and recycles the molecules).

Golgi Apparatus 

Ribosomes' job is to synthesize proteins, as it binds together amino acids on tRNA to make peptides during translation.

Ribosomes

"The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell" is probably the most well-known saying in all of biology. This is because the job of the mitochondria is to produce energy from the breakdown of glucose. The initial lysis of glucose occurs in the cytoplasm but the bulk production of ATP(energy) is produced in the Krebs Cycle and ETC within the mitochondria. 

Mitochondria

This organelle is the location for recycling, the lysosome has enzymes within that only are active at an acidic pH of 5. The lysosome will hydrolyze whatever goes inside the membrane and reuse the raw material from that substance; the lysosome will also help break down intruding viruses and bacteria.

Lysosome

Similar to the lysosome, the peroxisome also has enzymes for hydrolysis; however, it mainly does fatty acid breakdown. The peroxisome also defends the cell against reactive oxygen species such as peroxides that are produced during our regular cellular respiration. 

Peroxisome 

The cytoplasm consists of organic and inorganic solutes and free floating ribosomes. Chromosomal DNA and plasmids are located in this region.

Cytoplasm

Chromosomes are long, string-like structures composed of the genetic material known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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