The term "mitochondrion" was coined by German microbiologist Carl Benda in 1898, and the organelle was subsequently connected to cellular respiration by Otto Warburg in 1913.

Discovery of Mitochondria

A mitochondrion is surrounded by two lipid membranes: an outer membrane that is a remnant of the host cell's membrane structures, and an inner membrane derived from the ancestral bacterial plasma membrane that contains the electron transport chain.

Mitochondrial Membranes

The mitochondrial matrix is the internal region of the mitochondrion corresponding to the cytoplasm of the original endosymbiotic bacterium. It contains metabolic enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and 70S ribosomes.

Mitochondrial Matrix

Cristae are folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that evolved to increase the surface area for biochemical reactions. The specific patterns of cristae folding vary across eukaryotic cell types and are used to distinguish different eukaryotic organisms.

Mitochondrial Cristae

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in some anaerobic eukaryotes that appear to be severely reduced mitochondria and are believed to have evolved from ancestral mitochondria.

Mitosomes

Double-membrane-bound, mitochondrial-related organelles found in some anaerobic eukaryotes that serve as the location for anaerobic hydrogen production used in cellular metabolism. These organelles typically lack their own DNA and ribosomes and are believed to have evolved from ancestral mitochondria.

Hydrogenosomes

"The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell" is probably the most well-known saying in all of biology. This is because the job of the mitochondria is to produce energy from the breakdown of glucose. The initial lysis of glucose occurs in the cytoplasm but the bulk production of ATP(energy) is produced in the Krebs Cycle and ETC within the mitochondria. 

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Animal cell organelles are specialized entities in a cell that performs a particular function. 

- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Ribosome
- Mitochondria
- Lysosome
- Peroxisome 
- Cell membrane

Animal Cell Organelles

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/a/organelles-article

Cellular organelles and structure

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

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The function of the nucleus is to store the genetic blueprint in order to make proteins during transcription and translation. The nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear envelope that acts as protection for the nucleus. The nucleolus which produces ribosomes to conduct protein production is also within the nucleus. 

Nucleus

There's two types of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): the rough and smooth, which are characterized by whether it has ribosomes attached. The rough ER has ribosomes attached to its membrane; the function of the rough ER is to produce proteins that either are part of a membrane or to be secreted outside of the cell which allows for further specialization of cells. The smooth ER, on the other hand, is specialized to produce steroids and lipids, as well as, to get rid of toxins within the cell. 

Endoplasmic Reticulum 

The purpose of the Golgi Apparatus is to sort protein packages to different destinations. The different molecules usually come from the ER and their final destinations can be differentiated by the several sugar compounds attached to them. These packages of proteins are transported by vesicles to their final destinations. The 3 possible destinations are cell membrane (for membrane protein or ion channels), extracellular secretion (for molecules that should exit the cell) and the lysosome (which destroys and recycles the molecules).

Golgi Apparatus 

Ribosomes' job is to synthesize proteins, as it binds together amino acids on tRNA to make peptides during translation.

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

This organelle is the location for recycling, the lysosome has enzymes within that only are active at an acidic pH of 5. The lysosome will hydrolyze whatever goes inside the membrane and reuse the raw material from that substance; the lysosome will also help break down intruding viruses and bacteria.

Lysosome

Similar to the lysosome, the peroxisome also has enzymes for hydrolysis; however, it mainly does fatty acid breakdown. The peroxisome also defends the cell against reactive oxygen species such as peroxides that are produced during our regular cellular respiration. 

Peroxisome 

The cell membrane acts as a semi-permeable wall to block off intruders and let in specific molecules that the cell actually needs. To perform these tasks, the cell membrane has a lipid bilayer which excludes entry to all polar molecules except if there is a protein transporter specific for that exact molecule.

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