 - Specific reforms desired by Benthem 
  - No excessive punishment
  - Excessive punishment breeds more crime because people try to avoid consequences from 
    the first one 
  - Swift, sure and certain punishment
  - Prevent crime no punishment
  - Everyone should be equal in the eyes of the law
  - Judges only determine guilt not the law itself
  - Legislatures make the laws

Other Contributions from Cesare Beccaria

Rational choice theory is a theory that highlights that criminality is a calculated cost vs benefits choice in that those who choose to commit crime believe the success of the crime outweigh the reprocussions

Definition of Rational Choice Theory as Applied to Criminology

- Authority (government, legislatures, kings) had too much power in granting punishment when crimes were committed (Death penalty and torture were abused)
- Laws/Punishment are not a deterrent if the populace are not aware of them
- Need reforms to the criminal justice system
- Introduced Rational Choice Theory into Criminology

Ohio State University, Columbus

- People choose to rationally commit crime through their free will by measuring the pain vs pleasure created from their action
- Two main contributors: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

Classical Criminology

Hagan, F. E., &amp; Daigle, L. E. Introduction to criminology theories, methods, and criminal behavior. 97953_Chapter_5_Early_and_Classical. SAGE. https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/97953_Chapter_5_Early_and_Classical_Criminological_Theories.pdf. 

Introduction to Criminology Theories, Methods and Criminal Behavior

Cesare Beccaria Contributions to Classical Criminology

- The Hendonistic Principle that individuals think rationally by attmepting to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain whether their action is illegal or not 

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