 - Specific reforms desired by Benthem 
  - No excessive punishment
  - Excessive punishment breeds more crime because people try to avoid consequences from 
    the first one 
  - Swift, sure and certain punishment
  - Prevent crime no punishment
  - Everyone should be equal in the eyes of the law
  - Judges only determine guilt not the law itself
  - Legislatures make the laws

Ohio State University, Columbus

- Authority (government, legislatures, kings) had too much power in granting punishment when crimes were committed (Death penalty and torture were abused)
- Laws/Punishment are not a deterrent if the populace are not aware of them
- Need reforms to the criminal justice system
- Introduced Rational Choice Theory into Criminology

Cesare Beccaria Contributions to Classical Criminology

Other Contributions from Cesare Beccaria

Rational choice theory is a theory that highlights that criminality is a calculated cost vs benefits choice in that those who choose to commit crime believe the success of the crime outweigh the reprocussions

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