In cystic fibrosis, the altered cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein channel is blocked on the extracellular side by mucus, preventing chloride ($$\text{Cl}^-$$) ions from flowing out of the cell and disrupting normal salt and water transport.

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Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, commonly involving the loss of a single amino acid, phenylalanine. This loss changes the primary structure of the CFTR protein, preventing it from functioning properly to transport salt and water across membranes. The resulting defect leads to the production of abnormally thick and sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and obstructs the pancreas, preventing natural enzymes from helping the body break down food and absorb vital nutrients. To develop cystic fibrosis, children must inherit the mutated gene from both parents; inheriting it from only one parent results in an asymptomatic carrier.

Cystic Fibrosis Causes

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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