During the data checking process, a researcher may find that a participant's responses are missing key information or are highly suspicious. In such cases, the researcher must decide whether to exclude that participant's data from the analysis. Excluded data should never be deleted or thrown away; instead, it should be set aside with detailed notes explaining the reason for exclusion, as this decision must be reported in the final research write-up.

Excluding Participant Data

A researcher has just finished collecting survey data from 200 participants who rated their stress levels on a 1-to-10 scale. Before running any statistical analyses, the researcher reviews the raw dataset and notices that one participant recorded a value of 15. What does this example best illustrate?

Once data is secured, researchers should review the raw data for completeness and accuracy. This involves looking for illegible or missing responses, as well as obvious misunderstandings or suspicious entries (e.g., a response of $$12$$ on a $$1$$-to-$$10$$ rating scale). Identifying these issues early is crucial for determining if a participant's data is usable for statistical analysis.

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Raw data, also referred to as unanalyzed data, is the initial information collected during a research study before any organization, coding, or cleaning has occurred. In psychological research, this data can take several different forms, such as completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires, digital files containing numbers or text, video recordings, or written observational notes.

Raw Data

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KPU Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition

The data preparation process is the critical step of transforming raw, unanalyzed data into an organized format ready for statistical analysis. This complex process involves coding and combining multiple variables—such as demographics, independent and dependent variables, and manipulation checks—for each participant. It also requires identifying and handling any missing, incorrect, or suspicious responses.

Data Preparation Process

Before beginning data analysis, researchers must ensure that raw data and consent forms are stored securely to protect participant confidentiality. Data should not include identifying information. Secure storage options include a locked room or a password-protected computer. It is also recommended to create backups or photocopies of the data, storing them in a separate secure location until the project is complete, and retaining them for several years in case questions arise.

Securing Raw Data

Checking Raw Data

A data file is a structured digital format used for statistical analysis, typically created in a spreadsheet program (like Microsoft Excel) or specialized statistical software (like SPSS). In the most common layout, each row represents a single participant, and each column represents a specific variable, with the variable name placed at the top of the column.

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