- cingulate gyrus
- orbitofrontal cortex
- temporal pole
- part of the insula
- limbic structures 

Structures That Makeup the Paralimbic System


- Hot (reward or affective related)
- Cool (purely cognative)


Types of Executive Functions (EF's)

Brain structures in the paralimbic system functions to mediate the cognitive control, also known as executive functions, associated with emotion and motivation. 


Arizona State University

- Punishment processing
- Reward processing
- Cognitive control


Three Mental Domains Associated with ODD Behavior


Matthys, Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., & Schutter, D. J. L. G. (2013). The neurobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Altered functioning in three mental domains. Development and Psychopathology, 25(1), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000272

The neurobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Altered functioning in three mental domains

Patients with ODD have a deficit in punishment processing. They display a lack of fear of punishment which was measured through various ANS responses (heart rate, basal-skin response etc.). This explains why individuals with ODD continue to perform inappropriate behavior due to their insensitivity to punishment cues. 


Punishment processing in ODD Patients


People with ODD experience dysfunction in cognitive, reward processing abilities. Similar to the deficits in punishment processing, people with ODD have a reduced reward sensitivity due to low basal reactivity and adverse learning processes. Thus, people with ODD require increased levels of sensory input to achieve a positive state. Moreover, this may explain the thrill seeking behavior that accompanies ODD.

Learn Before

Related

Learn After