Studies indicate that dysfunction in the orbitofrontal cortex result in compromised affective decision making in people with ODD.

ODD: impaired orbitofrontal cortex functioning

- cingulate gyrus
- orbitofrontal cortex
- temporal pole
- part of the insula
- limbic structures 

Arizona State University

Brain structures in the paralimbic system functions to mediate the cognitive control, also known as executive functions, associated with emotion and motivation. 


Cognitive Control Domain


Matthys, Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., & Schutter, D. J. L. G. (2013). The neurobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Altered functioning in three mental domains. Development and Psychopathology, 25(1), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000272

The neurobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Altered functioning in three mental domains

Structures That Makeup the Paralimbic System


- Hot (reward or affective related)
- Cool (purely cognative)


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