- 87.96% of Birdwatch notes were written for misleading tweets and only 12.04% were for non-misleading tweets 
- Misleading tweets are also a little more likely to include trustworthy sources (63.96%) than non-misleading tweets (62.92%)
- Misleading tweets reported due to factual mistakes (30%), missing contexts (28%), unverified facts (25%), outdated information (5.35%), satire (5%), manipulated information and media (3%), or other (3%)
- Not misleading tweets reported for containing factual information (62%), personal opinion (16%), or satire (12%)
- Notes for misleading tweets tend to contain longer explanations and less complexity with the use of negative sentiments 

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform - Birdwatch Note Analysis

- Influential politicians received more Birdwatch notes, most of which were reported for misleading tweets
- Accounts reported for misleading tweets are typically verified and have large followings but follow very few accounts 

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform - Source Tweet Analysis

- Birdwatch notes that report misleading tweets generally have a larger helpfulness ratio and more votes compared to non-misleading tweets with notes 
- Users found Birdwatch notes more helpful if trustworthy sources were included and if the reported tweet had more votes saying it is not misleading
- Birdwatch notes were considered helpful if they are informative (31%), clear (24%), or provide trustworthy sources of reference (19%)
- Birdwatch notes considered unhelpful due to opinions/bias (25%), unreliable sources (20%), or missing key ideas (15%)

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform - Ratings Analysis

- Regression model used to determine helpfulness of Birdwatch notes
- Contents of notes, social influence of user accounts, and reference to trustworthy sources are all important for determining helpfulness

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform - Helpfulness Analysis

- Birdwatch notes (RQ 1 & RQ 2)
- Source tweets (RQ 3)
- Ratings (RQ 4)
- Helpfulness (RQ 4 & RQ 5)

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Researchers studied how Twitter users engage with the new feature Birdwatch that allows users to address misinformation. 
- RQ 1: What are specific reasons due to which Birdwatch users report tweets?
- RQ 2: How do Birdwatch notes for tweets categorized as being misleading vs. not misleading differ in terms of their content characteristics? (e.g. sentiment, length)
- RQ 3: Are tweets from Twitter accounts with certain characteristics (e.g. politicians, accounts with many followers) more likely to be fact-checked on Birdwatch?
- RQ 4: Which characteristics of Birdwatch notes are associated with greater helpfulness for other users? 
- RQ 5: Does the level of consensus between users vary depending on the level of social influence of the source tweet? 

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform

Pröllochs, N. (2021). Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.07175. https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07175 

Birdwatch first started on January 15, 2021 and is run by the Twitter community where any user can identify misinformation, write notes to explain why those tweets are misleading, and rate the suggestions made by other users. Currently, Birdwatch is in the testing phase and only available through the Birdwatch website. 

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform - Birdwatch

- Data collection
- Key variables
- Content characteristics

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform - Methodology

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform - Analysis

- A lot more notes for misleading than non-misleading notes, primarily due to factual mistakes or unclear contexts (RQ 1)
- Negative sentiments and longer explanations typically associated with misleading tweets (RQ 2)
- A lot more discussion on Birdwatch regarding tweets made by politicians (RQ 3)
- Misleading tweets receive more votes and attention on Birdwatch, and users find such interventions helpful if the overall sentiment is positive and supplementary sources are provided (RQ 4) 
- Tweets by users with more followers usually have more votes but are more likely to be regarded as misleading (RQ 5) 

Community-Based Fact-Checking on Twitter's Birdwatch Platform - Results

- Community fact-checking can be improved if people explain the context of their reasoning and provide reliable sources of reference 
- Note contexts also very important – long and understandable explanations necessary 
- Need to study potential side effects of Birdwatch on Twitter users

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