Formula

Complex Vector Representation from Paired Real Components

A dd-dimensional real vector x=(x1,x2,,xd)\mathbf{x} = (x_1, x_2, \dots, x_d) can be reinterpreted as a d/2d/2-dimensional complex vector x\mathbf{x}' by pairing consecutive real components into the real and imaginary parts of each new complex component: x=(x1,x2,,xd/2)=(x1+ix2,x3+ix4,,xd1+ixd),\mathbf{x}' = (x'_1, x'_2, \dots, x'_{d/2}) = (x_1 + i x_2, x_3 + i x_4, \dots, x_{d-1} + i x_d), where ii is the imaginary unit. This reinterpretation requires dd to be even.

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Updated 2026-07-11

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Ch.2 Generative Models - Foundations of Large Language Models

Foundations of Large Language Models

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