Formula

Complex Vector Representation from Paired Real Components

A dd-dimensional real vector x\mathbf{x} can be reinterpreted as a d/2d/2-dimensional complex vector x\mathbf{x}'. This transformation is achieved by pairing consecutive real components to form the real and imaginary parts of new complex components. The resulting vector x\mathbf{x}' is expressed as a sequence of its components according to the formula: x=x1x2xd/2=x1+ix2x3+ix4xd1+ixd,\mathbf{x}' = x'_1 x'_2 \dots x'_{d/2} = x_1 + i x_2 \quad x_3 + i x_4 \quad \dots \quad x_{d-1} + i x_d, where ii represents the imaginary unit.

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Updated 2025-10-09

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Ch.2 Generative Models - Foundations of Large Language Models

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