Njoroge, Forkpa, and Bath (2021) examine how structural/systemic, interpersonal, and internalized racism produce long-lasting developmental harm for BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, People of Color) youth, noting that racial discrimination is intertwined with unequal access to school quality, healthcare, and other necessities. The study concludes that the “unrelenting stress” of everyday racial discrimination causes long-term adverse impacts on BIPOC youths' neurological development, particularly at the psychological and psychosocial levels. It highlights the role of negative media representation and reports a strong correlation between spikes in the killings of unarmed African American/Black people and spikes in African American/Black emergency-room visits.