During conjugation in E.coli, the conjugation pilus of the F+ cell comes into contact with the F- cell that does not contain the F plasmid. A single stranded copy of the F plasmid is transferred between the two cell. The F plasmid is then synthesized in the recipient cell to make it a F+ cell. 

Conjugation of the F Plasmid

Conjugation is a mechanism of gene transfer where the cells use a conjugation pilus to transfer DNA between cells. The conjugation pilus is encoded on the F plasmid. 

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- Transformation
- Transduction
- Conjugation

Types of Horizontal Gene Transfer

- Restriction Enzymes
- Transformation
- Conjugation
- Transduction
- Genomic Library 

Techniques for Molecular Cloning in Bacteria

The conjugation pilus (also known as the F pilus or sex pilus) is a specialized, long protein appendage that facilitates the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells of the same generation by physically connecting them to transfer or exchange genomic segments.

Conjugation Pilus

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Transformation is a method of horizontal gene transfer where foreign, naked DNA is taken up by a bacteria. Many bacteria are competent at interacting with environmental DNA and take up DNA. Transformation has been used for genetic engineering purposes with bacteria as well.

Transformation

Viral transduction is a process of horizontal gene transfer where a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one host bacterium to another during sequential infections. This asexual exchange of genetic information can result in DNA recombination, potentially introducing new genes, such as sugar-metabolizing or antibiotic-resistance genes, to the recipient bacteria, and playing a key role in bacterial evolution.

Viral Transduction

A common cloning technique to design and make recombinant DNA uses restriction enzymes that were found primarily in bacteria. Natively, restriction enzymes cut foreign DNA that could have been introduced from an infection. For cloning experiments, restriction enzymes can be used to make DNA fragments and create recombinant DNA.

Restriction Enzymes

A genomic library contains a copy of the cell's genomic DNA that becomes a "library" of recombinant DNA plasmids. This allows for sequencing the genomes and for identifying the function of genes in the genome.

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