Cortisol activates activity in the amygdala while deactivating activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); both of these brain disturbances are connected to depression, suggesting that high cortisol levels may have a causal effect on depression as well as on these brain function abnormalities (McEwen, 2005; van Praag, 2005).

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Cortisol is a stress hormone. During the beginning of an exposure to a stressor, it provides the body with energy. However, long periods of exposure to stressors leads to sustained levels of cortisol, which in turn weakens the immune system.

Cortisol Hormone

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

The extended release of cortisol, which is a common result of chronic or prolonged stress, can be detrimental to an individual's health. A primary harmful effect of sustained high levels of cortisol is the significant weakening of the body's immune system.

Harmful Effects of Prolonged Cortisol Exposure

Research has frequently observed a correlation between individuals diagnosed with depression and the presence of high levels of the stress hormone cortisol in their bodies.

Correlation Between High Cortisol Levels and Depression

A classmate states, 'The stress hormone cortisol is entirely bad for you and only serves to weaken your body.' Which of the following statements best evaluates this claim?

A student is preparing for final exams. Initially, they feel a surge of energy and focus, allowing them to study for long hours. After two weeks of intense, non-stop studying and high pressure, they fall ill with a bad cold immediately after their last exam. Based on your understanding of the body's hormonal response to stress, explain the likely reason for both the initial energy boost and the subsequent illness.

Analyzing Physiological Stress Responses

High levels of cortisol are a risk factor for the future onset of depression (Halligan, Herbert, Goodyer, & Murray, 2007).

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