Tremain argues that mainstream bioethics and liberal humanist philosophy are grounded in ableist assumptions about autonomy, rationality, and the “good life.” In both frameworks, disability is treated as a personal or medical deficit rather than a product of social and political structures. By positioning disabled people as problems to be managed or fixed, these traditions obscure how institutions and cultural norms actually produce disablement. Tremain calls for a shift away from these individualizing views toward analyses that expose how ideas of health, normalcy, and moral worth are historically and socially constructed.