Later research has challenged the conclusion that an African American child's preference for a White doll indicates a negative self-image or low self-esteem. A 2017 study by Rogers and Meltzoff, for instance, found that for diverse children around age 10, gender identity was a more influential factor than race in their choices. This suggests that the meaning of race is an evolving concept for young children. The same study did find, however, that children from ethnic minorities placed more importance on their racial identity compared to their White counterparts.