"triple quandary" in the realm of culture and schooling
- deal with three cultures: European culture, African culture, African American culture
- cultural hegemony from social, economic, and political oppression as minorities
- own self-contradictory socialization processes

Cultural Factors and Differences in African Heritage Students' Educational Achievement

- Ecological Theory:
- why minority group members do well in school or not
- Cultural-ecological theory:
- compare immigration and non-immigration from historical, economic, social, and cultural aspects


Ethnographic Research Analysis

- be accused of "acting White" by peers when do well in school
- "Oppositional Culture" in alternative pursuits (e.g. Sports and Music)


Oppositional identity

Cultural mismatch between teachers and students
- Black students may feel alienated in school because their previous experience have been ignored
- Even in Black schools, teachers convey the hidden messages of  Black social deviance.

University of Connecticut

Oppositional culture theory: 
- focuses on students' peer groups and oppositional subcultures
- explains the differences in educational achievement between African Americans, Afro-Caribbean, and African students


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