Immigrant voluntary minorities may have different beliefs about the instrumental value of  of school credentials. Some immigrant voluntary minorities would believe education is the key to success. 

Ethnographic Research Analysis

- Ecological Theory:
- why minority group members do well in school or not
- Cultural-ecological theory:
- compare immigration and non-immigration from historical, economic, social, and cultural aspects


University of Connecticut

Cultural mismatch between teachers and students
- Black students may feel alienated in school because their previous experience have been ignored
- Even in Black schools, teachers convey the hidden messages of  Black social deviance.

Cultural Factors and Differences in African Heritage Students' Educational Achievement

"triple quandary" in the realm of culture and schooling
- deal with three cultures: European culture, African culture, African American culture
- cultural hegemony from social, economic, and political oppression as minorities
- own self-contradictory socialization processes

- be accused of "acting White" by peers when do well in school
- "Oppositional Culture" in alternative pursuits (e.g. Sports and Music)


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