This is the most all encompassing level of CSC. It states that culture is a way to ensure that universal needs are met, and that group membership is the key to survival. The mechanism which maintains this universal level of culture is collectivism.

Universal level of CSC

Culture is a way in which people can have a framework to make sense of the world, to know what to attend to, and which determines what is salient.

Societal level of CSC

Certain information provided by the culture is available to us in different instances, depending on the situation. 


Situational level of CSC

A theory which states that there are different levels of the effect of culture. Those levels are the universal level, the societal level, the situational level, and the individual level.

University of Delaware

A collection of human behaviors and social norms that connect a group of people. These norms can include shared art, law, and beliefs, as well as other mutual commonalities.

Culture as a Sociological Issue

Lin, Y., Zhang, Y. C., & Oyserman, D. (2021, October 7). Seeing Meaning Even When None May Exist: Collectivism Increases Belief in Empty Claims. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000280

Seeing Meaning Even When None May Exist: Collectivism Increases Belief in Empty Claims

Certain information, that is often implicit, regarding how things work within a specific culture. From our expectations of how a bride should dress for their wedding or what one should eat for breakfast, cultural knowledge networks help us determine what is expected to come next in a situation. 

Cultural Knowledge Networks

Connected child nodes contain references for culture.

References for Culture

Prejudice common enough in a group that its consequences take place on a more or less uniform societal level. Typically these views are informed by a society's culture.

Societal Prejudice 

Culture-as-Situated-Cognition (CSC) Theory

A smaller subgroup developed from an original culture that are unified by a set of traits that simultaneously differentiate them from the original cultural group.

Subculture

Cultural competence in mental health refers to a therapist's ability to effectively work with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds. With a growing number of ethnically diverse individuals, it is crucial for mental health professionals to develop the knowledge and skills to address issues related to a patient's race, culture, and ethnicity. This involves approaching the therapeutic process from the context of each client's unique culture, as standard Eurocentric approaches may not be universally effective.

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