Cytokines in Adaptive Immunity

Cytokines in Pro-Inflammatory Signalling

Cytokines in Anti-Inflammatory Signalling

- interleukins (IL)
- tumor necrosis factors (TNF)
- interferons (IFN)
- colony stimulating factors (CSF)

Cytokine Categorization

The term "cytokine storm syndromes (CSS)" encompasses many different inflammatory causes of disease (i.e., CSS represents various inflammatory etiologies). Regardless, the final results are shared: systematic inflammation, hemodynamic instability, multiple organ dysfunction, and potential death. Optimal treatment varies between different syndromes, making identification of the specific syndrome critical for effective treatment.

Cytokine storm syndromes are common in diseases such as systemic junvenile idiopathic arthrisits (JIA), adult onset Still’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and many more. 

Cytokine storm syndromes represent various inflammatory etiologies

Cytokines regulate acute and chronic inflammation in immune responses through a variety of complex pathways. They are produced by various immune cells (innate macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, adaptive T and B lymphocytes). 

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Many cells and molecules work together to ensure our cellular immunity functions properly.
- T Cells 
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Cytokines
- Antigen-presenting Cells

Components of Cellular Immunity

Turner, M. D., Nedjai, B., Hurst, T., & Pennington, D. J. (2014). Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1843(11), 2563-2582.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488914001967
doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014

Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease

Cytokines

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes coding for MHC molecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells of the body. There are two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity:
- MHC I 
- MHC II

Major Histocompatibility Complex 

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. APCs have the ability to present antigens specifically for the purpose of activating T cells.

Antigen-Presenting Cells

T cells function as the central orchestrator of both innate and adaptive immune responses.  T cells mature in the thymus. They are also responsible for destruction of cells infected with intracellular pathogens.

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