IL-2 is an cytokine molecule involves in T-dependent immune responses and are released by T- cells themselves. They lead to T-cell expansion. They act as a natural response to microbial infection that promote the differentiation of T-cells into effector T-cells and memory T-cells. Due to its role in T-cell differentiation they play a key role in cell-mediated immunity. 

Role of IL-2 in adaptive immunity

IL-1 is responsible for initiating the acute phase response in Innate immunity. They are produced mainly by monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and can also be produced by B cells, NK cells, microglia and 
 epithelial cells. Their main function is in the inflammatory response of body against an infection. 




Role of IL-1 in innate immunity 

IL-3 is produced as a monomer by T-cells, monocytes and macrophages. It's major role is in blood-cell production. 

Role of IL-3 

 IL-4 is produced by T-cells during specific immune responses. The main function of IL-4 is B cell activation, to further produce antibodies, along with stimulation of IgE production. 

Role of IL-4 in adaptive immunity 

IL-5 are produced by T-cells and their basic function is B cell differentiation and AB secretion. IL-5 are also responsible for increasing allergy response. 

Role of IL-5 in adaptive immunity

IL-6 is responsible for stimulating acute phase protein synthesis, as well as the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow. It supports the growth of B cells and is antagonistic to regulatory T cells.



Role of IL-6 in Innate Immunity

IL-7 is produced by the bone marrow and thymic stroma that stimulate the development of T and B cells. 

Role of IL-7 

Il-9 stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis. It is secreted by T helper cells and act as regulators of some hempatopoietic cells . 

Role of IL-9

IL-10 plays a major role in down-regulating the immune system. They are produced by mononuclear cells. Other functions include synthesis of cytokines such as IL-2,IL-3,TNF alpha, INF gamma, expression of class II MHC molecules and various co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells. 

Role of IL-10

INF-gamma is produced by NK cells, Cytotoxic T cells and Th1 cells. They increase antigen presentation, express both class I and class II MHC molecules and differentiation of Th1 cells activity of NK cells. They also down regulate activity of Th2 cells. 

Role of INF-gamma

TNF-alpha are produced by activated macrophages, activated T cells, NK cells, Mast cells. TNF-alpha stimulate T cell activation and expression of MHC class II molecules, as well as regulating adhesion molecules expression. 

Role of TNF-alpha

GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) is produced by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. It is a white blood cell growth factor and stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes and monocytes. 

Role of GM-CSF

Austin Community College

Michigan State University

Cytokines regulate acute and chronic inflammation in immune responses through a variety of complex pathways. They are produced by various immune cells (innate macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, adaptive T and B lymphocytes). 

Cytokines

Turner, M. D., Nedjai, B., Hurst, T., & Pennington, D. J. (2014). Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1843(11), 2563-2582.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488914001967
doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014

Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Cytokines in Adaptive Immunity

Cytokines in Pro-Inflammatory Signalling

Cytokines in Anti-Inflammatory Signalling

- interleukins (IL)
- tumor necrosis factors (TNF)
- interferons (IFN)
- colony stimulating factors (CSF)

Cytokine Categorization

The term "cytokine storm syndromes (CSS)" encompasses many different inflammatory causes of disease (i.e., CSS represents various inflammatory etiologies). Regardless, the final results are shared: systematic inflammation, hemodynamic instability, multiple organ dysfunction, and potential death. Optimal treatment varies between different syndromes, making identification of the specific syndrome critical for effective treatment.

Cytokine storm syndromes are common in diseases such as systemic junvenile idiopathic arthrisits (JIA), adult onset Still’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and many more. 

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