TNF-alpha are produced by activated macrophages, activated T cells, NK cells, Mast cells. TNF-alpha stimulate T cell activation and expression of MHC class II molecules, as well as regulating adhesion molecules expression. 

State University of New York at Buffalo

Cytokines in Adaptive Immunity

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IL-2 is an cytokine molecule involves in T-dependent immune responses and are released by T- cells themselves. They lead to T-cell expansion. They act as a natural response to microbial infection that promote the differentiation of T-cells into effector T-cells and memory T-cells. Due to its role in T-cell differentiation they play a key role in cell-mediated immunity. 

Role of IL-2 in adaptive immunity

IL-1 is responsible for initiating the acute phase response in Innate immunity. They are produced mainly by monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and can also be produced by B cells, NK cells, microglia and 
 epithelial cells. Their main function is in the inflammatory response of body against an infection. 




Role of IL-1 in innate immunity 

IL-3 is produced as a monomer by T-cells, monocytes and macrophages. It's major role is in blood-cell production. 

Role of IL-3 

 IL-4 is produced by T-cells during specific immune responses. The main function of IL-4 is B cell activation, to further produce antibodies, along with stimulation of IgE production. 

Role of IL-4 in adaptive immunity 

IL-5 are produced by T-cells and their basic function is B cell differentiation and AB secretion. IL-5 are also responsible for increasing allergy response. 

Role of IL-5 in adaptive immunity

IL-6 is responsible for stimulating acute phase protein synthesis, as well as the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow. It supports the growth of B cells and is antagonistic to regulatory T cells.



Role of IL-6 in Innate Immunity

IL-7 is produced by the bone marrow and thymic stroma that stimulate the development of T and B cells. 

Role of IL-7 

Il-9 stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis. It is secreted by T helper cells and act as regulators of some hempatopoietic cells . 

Role of IL-9

IL-10 plays a major role in down-regulating the immune system. They are produced by mononuclear cells. Other functions include synthesis of cytokines such as IL-2,IL-3,TNF alpha, INF gamma, expression of class II MHC molecules and various co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells. 

Role of IL-10

INF-gamma is produced by NK cells, Cytotoxic T cells and Th1 cells. They increase antigen presentation, express both class I and class II MHC molecules and differentiation of Th1 cells activity of NK cells. They also down regulate activity of Th2 cells. 

Role of INF-gamma

Role of TNF-alpha

GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) is produced by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. It is a white blood cell growth factor and stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes and monocytes. 

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