- List is a built-in data type, it is also a collection datatype(  lists accommodate elements/items of various datatype )
- List is also a sequence data type which can accommodate items of various basic data types  like integers, float etc. but usually items in a list are of same basic data type.
-  A list contains values separated by comma inside a square bracket.
- Lists are resizable. Items in a list can be added, removed and modified after the list is created.
- Lists are mutable, that means  contents of a list can be changed.
- Lists can be nested, that means we can create a list containing another list.

``` python
my_list = [1,"1cademy",12.59,True]
my_list
```
Output

``` python
[1, '1cademy', 12.59, True]
```

List

- A set is an unordered collection of data.
- The items in a set are unordered, unmutable, and cannot contain duplicate values.
- Mathematical operations (e.g. union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference) can be performed on sets.
- To create a set, list elements separated by commas within two curly braces.

Example:
```python
set = {"apple", "orange", "banana"}
```


- A tuple is a data structure that can store items within a single variable.
- The items in a tuple are ordered (indexed) and are immutable (cannot be changed).
- Tuples can have duplicate items.
- To create a tuple, surround items (separated by commas) with parentheses.
Ex:
```python
tuple = ('apple', 34, 'banana')
```
- To access an element inside a tuple, use the tuple name along with square brackets and the desired index.
Ex:
```python
tuple[1] # access tuple index 1, which is 34.
```

Tuple

• Dictionary is a built-in data structure. A dictionary is an ordered and mutable collection of objects.
• It consists of Key-Value pairs. Each Key must be Unique.

Syntax:
```python
dictionary = {"key name": value}
```
```python
student_scores = {
    "John" : 76,
    "Peter": 95,
    "Mike": 84
}
```
We can access the Values using the Keys:
```python
print(student_scores["John"])
```
This ```python print() ``` statement would print out the value 76. It is also important to note that keys must map to a unique value. 


Dictionary 

There are other basic data structures that are not defined in the Python standard library. These include:

- Linked List
- Stack
- Queue
- Tree
- Heap
- Graph

Other Basic Data Structures

Data structures facilitate the organization of data in computer memory in an efficient manner which further support faster and more flexible data manipulations.


The python interpreter offers the following built-in data structures:


- List
- Set
- Tuple
- Dictionary


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- Values 
- Operators & Operands
- Functions
- Statements
- Expressions
- Debugging
- Classes and Objects
- Data Structures

Python Programming Language Foundational Concepts 

Python Documentation

A value is any thing in the form of a number, string, character, etc. that can be manipulated. Values can also be referred to as objects. 

Values in Python

Operators are things that represent computational processes in Python. These include +, -, *, **, //, %, and /. 
- "+" = Addition
- "-" = Subtraction
- "*" = Multiplication

- "**" = Exponent
- "//" = Divide, but only include whole number in result
- "%" = Modulo, which only displays remainder of operands 

Operands are the values being acted on by the operator. 

Operators & Operands in Python

Function can be thought of as devices that take in material, perform a specified operation on the taken-in material, then output a resulting object. 

Inputs are referred to as arguments 
End result is referred to as output or return value. 

Functions in Python

A statement is any line of instruction that the Python interpreter can potentially execute. 

Types of statements include but are not limited to:
- Variable assignment statements 
- while statements
- for statements
- if statements
- import statements 

Statements in Python 

- Expressions are any combination of data types to be evaluated. Evaluating an expression results in values/objects. Expressions can also be evaluated into or set to values. 
- Asking Python to print an expression will result in the interpreter attempting to evaluate the expression and display the result

Expressions in Python 

- General Tips & Tricks
- Common Syntax Errors
- Error types
- Error Messages

Debugging in Python

A Class allows us to group together data and functions. It provides a template which can be instantiated to create objects. Classes and Objects help improve readability and allow code reuse. 

Classes are most often used in Object Oriented Programming, as they allow programmers to bundle sets of functions and data together. 

Python Classes and Objects

Data Structures in Python

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/vectorization-in-python/

Vectorization in python

Vectorization is a computational technique used to replace explicit, element-by-element loops (such as Python for-loops) with optimized operations on entire data structures simultaneously. In machine learning, vectorization leverages highly optimized linear algebra libraries to perform mathematical operations—like calculating the elementwise sum of vectors or processing whole minibatches of examples—at once. This approach dramatically reduces execution time by yielding order-of-magnitude speedups, simplifies code, reduces the potential for bugs, and increases portability by offloading mathematics to underlying libraries.

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