- 4 + 4 = 8
- 9 - 7 = 2
- 6 * 6 = 36
- 6 ** 2 = 36
- 4 / 2 = 2
- 19 // 5 = 3 
- 5 % 3 = 2

Examples of Operator-Operand Expressions

The order of operations in Python is as follows: 
- Parenthesis: ()
- Exponentiation: **
- Multiplication and Division: *, /, //, %
- Addition and Subtraction: +, -

If operators have the same priority, they are evaluated left to right, except for exponentiation which is evaluated right to left.

Order of Operations

Hard Coding is the practice of writing code that can only satisfy one solution. While the hard-coded variable may be correct in a given circumstance, the overall logic of the code is not validated. 

The logic, flow, and computations should be depended on when writing code.

Why Not to Hard Code When Learning Python

Logical operators can be thought as any expressions which act on boolean (True or False) expressions. These include: 
- and
- or
- not 

Logical Operators in Python 

Every piece of information on the computer is stored as a string of 1's and 0's, otherwise known as a bit string. Bitwise operators, which are similar across most programming languages, allow you to manipulate those bit strings directly. Some bitwise operators are:
   - bitwise AND: compares two bit strings and returns a new bit string with bits in the places where both bit strings have a bit, denoted by &
   - bitwise OR: compares two bit strings and returns a new bit string with bits in the places that at least one bit string has a bit in, denoted by |
   - bitwise left shift: takes two operands and shifts the bits of the first operand's bit string left by the number of places specified by the value of the second operand, denoted by <<
   - bitwise right shift: takes two operands and shifts the bits of the first operand's bit string right by the number of places specified by the value of the second operand, denoted by >>

Bitwise Operators in Python

Comparison operators are often used in true/false statements and loops to compare two objects. There are six comparison operators:
- equal to: denoted by == 
- not equal to: denoted by != or <>
- greater than: denoted by >
- greater than or equal to: denoted by >=
- less than: denoted by <
- less than or equal to: denoted by <=

Comparison Operators in Python

Operators are things that represent computational processes in Python. These include +, -, *, **, //, %, and /. 
- "+" = Addition
- "-" = Subtraction
- "*" = Multiplication

- "**" = Exponent
- "//" = Divide, but only include whole number in result
- "%" = Modulo, which only displays remainder of operands 

Operands are the values being acted on by the operator. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Values 
- Operators & Operands
- Functions
- Statements
- Expressions
- Debugging
- Classes and Objects
- Data Structures

Python Programming Language Foundational Concepts 

https://runestone.academy/runestone/books/published/fopp/index.html

Runestone: Foundations of Python Programming

A value is any thing in the form of a number, string, character, etc. that can be manipulated. Values can also be referred to as objects. 

Values in Python

Operators & Operands in Python

Function can be thought of as devices that take in material, perform a specified operation on the taken-in material, then output a resulting object. 

Inputs are referred to as arguments 
End result is referred to as output or return value. 

Functions in Python

A statement is any line of instruction that the Python interpreter can potentially execute. 

Types of statements include but are not limited to:
- Variable assignment statements 
- while statements
- for statements
- if statements
- import statements 

Statements in Python 

- Expressions are any combination of data types to be evaluated. Evaluating an expression results in values/objects. Expressions can also be evaluated into or set to values. 
- Asking Python to print an expression will result in the interpreter attempting to evaluate the expression and display the result

Expressions in Python 

- General Tips & Tricks
- Common Syntax Errors
- Error types
- Error Messages

Debugging in Python

A Class allows us to group together data and functions. It provides a template which can be instantiated to create objects. Classes and Objects help improve readability and allow code reuse. 

Classes are most often used in Object Oriented Programming, as they allow programmers to bundle sets of functions and data together. 

Python Classes and Objects

Data structures facilitate the organization of data in computer memory in an efficient manner which further support faster and more flexible data manipulations.


The python interpreter offers the following built-in data structures:


- List
- Set
- Tuple
- Dictionary


Data Structures in Python

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/vectorization-in-python/

Vectorization in python

Vectorization is a computational technique used to replace explicit, element-by-element loops (such as Python for-loops) with optimized operations on entire data structures simultaneously. In machine learning, vectorization leverages highly optimized linear algebra libraries to perform mathematical operations—like calculating the elementwise sum of vectors or processing whole minibatches of examples—at once. This approach dramatically reduces execution time by yielding order-of-magnitude speedups, simplifies code, reduces the potential for bugs, and increases portability by offloading mathematics to underlying libraries.

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