While the oralist tradition of using Deafness as a metaphor that is universal and not unique to the d/Deaf experience is considered inappropriate, some Disability Studies scholars, such as Lennard Davis, recommend using Deafness as a "critical metaphor" in which the Deafness of a character is meant to question the validity of ableism or oralism in society or the true value of speech. This is one example of how writers/ creators might combat the fact that a reader or viewer is always an active participant in a story/ art piece that aids in constructing meaning.