- These tasks make it easier to notice and identify executive functioning differences 
- Process leading to an informed choice 
- In the delayed discounting tasks, the individual makes choices - either pursues a small but faster reward or a larger but delayed reward 

Delayed Discounting Tasks 

Small units (i.e. words, actions) can be grouped together based on associations to form larger units that are easy to remember.

Chunking

- Temporal Discounting - subjective value of a reward decreases when the delivery of the reward is delayed
- Temporal Discounting tends to be higher in girls with ADHD

Temporal (Reward) Discounting 

- As humans, smaller and quicker rewards are more desirable than rewards that will take longer to achieve.
- Example: Chunking a project into smaller goals rather than cramming your workload 

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Fabio, R. A., Bianco, M., Caprì, T., Marino, F., Ruta, L., Vagni, D., & Pioggia, G. (2020). Working memory and decision making in children with ADHD: An analysis of delay discounting with the use of the dual-task paradigm. BMC Psychiatry, 20(272). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02677-y



Fabio et al., 2020

Reference of Foundations of Large Language Models Course

Delayed Discounting

- Impulsive decisions made without realizing the consequences of those actions 
- Individual sees the results as being immediate, but they have overestimated the results of their action.

Myopic Decisionmaking 

- Short-term storage and manipulation of environmental stimuli to complete complex cognitive tasks (Baddeley, 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001)
- Hierarchal structure of working memory: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer (Schacter, 2009)

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