Concept

Deliverance from the Carnal Self in Attar's Mokhtar Nameh (Poem 98)

In Poem 98 of the Mokhtar Nameh, Farid al-Din Attar emphasizes the profound danger of the carnal self (Nafs). He asserts that being left to one's own ego is worse than facing a thousand demons (Ahrimans). This poem illustrates the Sufi understanding of spiritual helplessness, highlighting that the ultimate entrapment is one's own self, which necessitates an urgent plea for divine deliverance.

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Updated 2026-07-03

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Humanities

Literature

Persian Literature Prerequisite Course