Example

Diagram of Reward Score Calculation using an LLM

The process of calculating a reward score using a Transformer-based LLM is illustrated by a data flow. First, input prompt tokens (x0,,xmx_0, \dots, x_m) are concatenated with response tokens (y1,,yny_1, \dots, y_n), followed by a special end-of-sequence token like ⟨EOS⟩. This combined sequence is fed into a Transformer Decoder (LLM), which outputs a hidden state representation for each token position (hx0,,hlasth_{x0}, \dots, h_{\mathrm{last}}). The final hidden state, hlasth_{\mathrm{last}}, corresponding to the ⟨EOS⟩ token, is selected to represent the entire sequence. This vector is then transformed by a linear mapping layer with weights WrW_r to produce a single scalar value, which serves as the reward score.

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Updated 2026-06-23

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Ch.4 Alignment - Foundations of Large Language Models

Foundations of Large Language Models

Foundations of Large Language Models Course

Computing Sciences