- lowered immunogenicity
- requirement for multiple-dose regimens to establish long-lasting immunity
- may require adjuvants to immunize the aging population 
- cold chain


Syracuse University

IVs are pathogens (or fractions thereof) that have been inactivated by heat or chemical reaction

Inactivated vaccines (IVs)

Shin, M.D., Shukla, S., Chung, Y.H. et al. COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 646–655 (2020). doi: 10.1038/s41565-020-0737-y

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0737-y

COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential
nanomaterial path forward

Advantages to inactivated vaccines (IVs)

Disadvantages to inactivated vaccines (IVs)

- NCT04383574 by Sinovac
- ChiCTR2000032459 by the Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Sinopharm
- ChiCTR2000031809 by the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Sinopharm
- Inactivated vaccine by the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

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