Congenital deafness is a condition in which a person is born without the ability to hear.

Congenital Deafness

Ménière's disease is a condition that results in a degeneration of inner ear structures, leading to sensorineural hearing loss. Symptoms of this disease include hearing loss, tinnitus (a constant ringing or buzzing), vertigo (a sense of spinning), and an increase in pressure within the inner ear.

Ménière's Disease

Vertigo is a feeling of spinning or dizziness that may have a peripheral cause but often occurs alongside many other symptoms as a part of a specific condition. Vertigo is most commonly a symptoms of vestibular disorders, such as mal de debarquement syndrome or labyrinthitis. 

Vertigo

Which type of hearing loss occurs due to the cochlea failing to communicate with the brain?

Hearing Loss Multiple Choice Question

A neurological phenomenon where sensory stimuli are perceived through multiple modalities. For example, visual stimuli may also be perceived through taste.

Synesthesia

Also called face blindness. A condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces. Acquired prosopagnosia is caused by damage to the brain, particularly the fusiform gyrus. Developmental (or congenital) prosopagnosia is present from birth.

Prosopagnosia 

The inability to recognize objects by touching and feeling them.

Astereognosis 

- Deafness
- Congenital Deafness
- Conductive Hearing Loss
- Sensorineural Hearing Loss
- Ménière's Disease
- Vertigo
- Synesthesia
- Astereognosis
- Prosopagnosia

Trinity College (CT)

University of Chicago

Columbia University

Sensation and perception is an interdisciplinary field of psychology focused on how we receive and interpret sensory information to shape our conscious experience. It encompasses both the physiological aspects of how sensory systems work and the psychological experience of that information. Researchers in this domain study a wide array of sensory inputs—such as sights, sounds, smells, touch, temperature, and balance—and explore key topics like the distinction between sensation (detecting stimuli) and perception (interpreting data), the physical properties of stimuli, and the structure and function of sensory systems.

Sensation and Perception in Psychology

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Disorders of Sensation & Perception

Sensation is the initial process in which specialized neurons, called sensory receptors, detect environmental stimuli. This detection of sensory input provides the foundational data that the nervous system uses to understand the surrounding world.

Sensation

Perception is the complex psychological process of organizing, interpreting, and consciously experiencing sensory information. It involves making sense of the raw data detected by sensory receptors, actively shaping our conscious experience based on focused attention, past experiences, and cultural background.

Perception

Gestalt psychology is a school of thought based on the core principle that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. The term 'gestalt' translates to 'form' or 'pattern,' reflecting the idea that the brain does not merely combine individual sensory stimuli but actively creates a holistic perception. This process of organizing sensory information into a meaningful whole occurs in predictable ways, which Gestalt psychologists formulated into a set of principles.

Gestalt Psychology

Visual and auditory stimuli occur as waves. 

Waves in Sensation and Perception within Psychology

Sensory systems are essential for gathering critical information from the surrounding environment. This information is utilized to navigate and interact with the world, enabling organisms to find food, locate shelter, maintain social connections, and avoid dangerous situations.

Function of Sensory Systems

The distinction between sensation and perception highlights two distinct stages of processing environmental stimuli. Sensation occurs when sensory receptors physically detect sensory stimuli, whereas perception involves the subsequent organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of those sensations.

Distinction Between Sensation and Perception

Historically, vision and hearing have been the primary focus of sensory research, leading to a more developed understanding of these modalities compared to others. Senses such as taste, smell, touch, and balance have received comparatively less scientific attention.

Research Attention on Sensory Systems

Based on the scenario provided, break down the experience into its two key components. Identify which part of the experience constitutes the initial detection of the stimulus and which part constitutes the interpretation and conscious experience of that stimulus. Explain your reasoning for each.

Analyzing a Sensory Experience

A person walking between buildings provides a clear example of the constant stream of sensory information we process. This individual is simultaneously inundated with sights, sounds, touch sensations, and smells from their surroundings. Additionally, they experience the ambient air temperature and rely on their sense of balance to navigate their path. All these factors are of interest to researchers in the domain of sensation and perception.

Example of Sensory Experience

A person moving between buildings illustrates the constant and diverse sensory information humans process. This individual is simultaneously exposed to a variety of stimuli, including sights, sounds, smells, and tactile sensations. They also perceive ambient temperature and use their sense of balance for navigation, all of which are topics studied within the field of sensation and perception.

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