Studies have revealed racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes among individuals with Down syndrome, particularly concerning life expectancy and congenital heart disease. 

Racial and Ethnic Disparities 

The Down syndrome community was highly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic; disproportionately impacted compared to typically developing people. A study from the American College of Physicians Public Health Emergency Collection reported that individuals with Down syndrome have a 4 fold increased risk for COVID-19 related hospitalization and a 10 fold increased risk in COVID-19 related mortality. The study discusses that the various health comorbidities of Down syndrome cause individuals with Down syndrome to have predispositions to other respiratory infections and diseases. 

 COVID-19 Disparities in individuals with Down syndrome

Socioeconomic factors (especially the education level of the mother/parents, income level, and geographic location) play a significant role in the health and quality of life outcomes of individuals with Down syndrome and their caretakers, and their lived experiences. Studies have shown that socioeconomic factors particularly have an impact in the prenatal detection of Down syndrome and the termination of diagnosed pregnancies. 

Socioeconomic Disparities

Individuals with Down syndrome are discriminated against across various settings because of negative and inaccurate perceptions of the disability. This discrimination limits the health, quality of life, and opportunities of individuals with Down syndrome. Discrimination is often present in medical, educational, and employment settings. 

Discrimination against individuals with Down syndrome

As opposed to some health conditions or disabilities, Down syndrome occurrence is not associated with race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or geographic location. However, the health outcomes and lived experiences of individuals with Down syndrome and their caretakers may differ and have disparities among marginalized racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. 

University of Virginia, Charlottesville

Individuals with disabilities and their families and caretakers often identify with the umbrella term of the “Down syndrome community.” To understand this disability, it is important to understand the cultural and social characteristics of the community. We can understand the community by considering how the Down syndrome community prefers to be communicated with, the employment and education trends, disparities in outcomes, how individuals with Down syndrome see themselves and each other, and the experiences of caretakers. 

Culture of Down syndrome

It is important to be informed on the appropriate language when referring to or speaking to people with Down syndrome in order to be respectful and inclusive. The Down syndrome community and NDSS express the preferences in Down syndrome language and communication in the following ways: 

- Down vs. Down's syndrome
- person-first language

Preferred Language of Down Syndrome

Disparities

Employment is an integral role of a citizen, and individuals with Down syndrome are often discriminated against in the professional world because of perceptions of their disability characteristics. Individuals with Down syndrome are fully capable of holding employment, and under the ADA, opportunities have expanded. 

Employment and Down syndrome

The developmental delay components of Down syndrome contribute to varying degrees of intellectual impairment. Individuals with Down syndrome have delays in speech and motor skills which impacts the pace at which they can learn. Individuals with Down syndrome benefit most from specialized education programs. 

Education and Down syndrome

Sociocultural, geographical, and traditional factors constitute different general practices of caring for and accepting individuals with Down syndrome in different parts of the world and in different cultures within a region. Some identifications of culture include religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic background, and geographical region. These identities cultivate ways of thinking that influence how individuals with Down syndrome receive care and are socially accepted. 

Cultural differences in acceptance and care of Down syndrome

Individuals with Down syndrome are subject to broader U.S. legislation protecting rights for individuals with disabilities, such as the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Fourteenth Amendment, and more. There are more specific policies and forms of legislation particularly protecting individuals with Down syndrome and chromosomal defects. 

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