Using surveys issued to an undergraduate class (n=230) with regression analysis and ANCOVA, a subset of well-performing procrastinators were found within what would normally be defined as procrastinators. These high-achieving procrastinators were found to have similar characteristics and academic performance to non-procrastinators, despite their tendency to delay tasks. Chu and Choi propose that the following characteristics and behaviors could be used to separate procrastinators into "Active" and "Passive" groups:

• Perception and control of time
• Measure of Self-efficacy
• Levels of Intrinsic/Extrinsic motivation
• Preference in stress-coping strategies

Further analysis shows that when using these characteristics to separate procrastinators, Passive procrastinators exhibit usual side-effects of their behavior (such as poor academic performance) while Active procrastinators performed as well as non-procrastinators (and exhibited similar characteristics).