Antisocial behaviors can start in childhood and proceed itself to adolescence and even adulthood. Relevant data reported that in 1997, 17% of all violent crimes (murder, rape, etc.) and 35% of all property crimes (robbery, arson, etc.) were committed by juvenile under the age of 18. This statistics decreased in following years, but still, 7% of all violent crimes and 18% of all property crimes were committed by youth below age 18. 

Related statistics of Juvenile delinquency

To prevent the development of conduct disorder into antisocial personality disorder, risk factors are recognized and sorted into following categories:

1. Intrinsic individual differences
2. Psychosocial and familial factors
3. Genetic and nutritional factors
4. Neurochemical factors

Risk factors of conduct disorder

Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) are two major disruptive disorders that could be diagnosed to children. Both disorders are associated with children having antisocial behaviors. The critical differences between CD and ODD are severity of antisocial behavior and age. ODD is more common in children at age 10 or younger. CD is more common in children at age 11 or above. However, symptom characteristics can happen at early age in both disorders. 

Conduct disorder's differences with related disorders (1)

Early recognition and interventions on conduct disorder's development include psychotherapy and pharmacological intervention. Dopaminergic and serotonergic medications can be administered to reduce aggression and improve attention. Children with ADHD and emotional disorders respond especially well to this strategy.

Interventions on conduct disorder (1)

Reference for Impulse-control Disorders

Impulse-control Disorders are characterized by constantly engaging in potentially harmful behaviors, feeling incapable of preventing oneself from behaving this way, and suffering from desperation if efforts to carry out the behaviors are obstructed.

Impulse-control Disorders 

Disorder Class: Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following criteria in the past 12 months from any of the categories below, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:
1. Aggression to people and  animals
2. Destruction of property
3. Deceitfulness or theft
4. Serious violations of rules
 
The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
 
If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder
 
Specify age onset:  Individuals show at least one symptom characteristic of conduct disorder prior to age 10 years

Wake Forest University

- Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- Conduct Disorder(s) (CD)
- Unspecified impulse disorders
- Pyromania
- Kleptomania
- Intermittent explosive disorder


Types of Disruptive Behavior Disorders 


Conduct problems and impulsivity in child psychopathy were later studied as combinations of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD). Studies show the combination of symptoms of ADHD, ODD/CD, and exhibiting high callous-unemotional (CU) traits in children are more likely to have psychopathic tendencies.

Conduct Problems and Impulsivity in Psychopathy

An estimated 56% of BED patients meet diagnostic criteria for at least one personality disorder or conduct disorder. Most commonly, borderline personality disorder appears as a comorbid psychiatric among 49.2% of patients.

Personality/Conduct Disorders in Binge Eating Disorder Patients

- Anxiety disorders
- Mood disorders 
- Psychotic disorders
- Personality disorders
- Eating disorders
- Sleep disorders
- Addiction
- Adjustment disorders

Categories of mental disorders/mental illnesses

Section II of the DSM-5-TR covers the bulk of the manual by including the descriptive text and criteria for each diagnosis. This section also references relevant context and research for the diagnoses and other conditions, medication-related adverse effects and -induced disorders, and corresponding ICD-10 codes. This section is broken down into the following chapters: 

-	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
-	Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
-	Bipolar and Related Disorders
-	Depressive Disorders
-	Anxiety Disorders
-	Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
-	Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
-	Dissociative Disorders
-	Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
-	Feeding and Eating Disorders
-	Elimination Disorders
-	Sleep-Wake Disorders
-	Sexual Dysfunctions
-	Gender Dysphoria 
-	Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
-	Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
-	Neurocognitive Disorders
-	Personality Disorders
-	Paraphilic Disorder
-	Other Mental Disorders and Additional Codes
-	Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication
-	Other Conditions that May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention


[DSM-5-TR] Section II: Diagnostic Criteria and Codes

The study of individual's relatively stable and enduring behavior patterns that distinguish them from others. Personality Psychology draws from other areas of psychology (social, educational, cognitive, etc.)


Personality Psychology

- Psychotic disorders
- Antipsychotic drugs
- Mood disorders
- Anxiety disorders
- Eating disorders
- Personality disorders
- Developmental disorders
- Substance use disorders
- Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Focuses of Psychopathology

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/


[DSM-V] Conduct Disorder

IED is a condition that involves intermittent and abrupt episodes of agression,   impulsiveness, or other outburst characterized by an abnormally disproportionate response to the stimulus.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)

Complex Underlying Pathways to DBD's

[DSM-5] Conduct Disorder Criteria

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined as a behavior disorder with characteristics such as hostility and defiant behavior with authority figures, peers, and family.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity and is divided into three subtypes:
- primarily inattentive
- primarily hyperactive-impulsive
- combined

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental disorder characterized by unstable interpersonal relationships and extreme emotional reactions to affective stimuli. These emotional reactions include, but are not limited to, impulsivity, aggression, self-injurious behaviors, etc., and are usually at their peak during an episode brought about via a singular crisis, whether it is imagined or real.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Personality Disorders are characterized by a pervasive, inflexible, and enduring pattern of inner experiences and behaviors that significantly deviate from the expectations in the individual’s culture. These patterns are first recognized in adolescence or early adulthood and remain consistent over time, resulting in distress and impairment for the individual. 

Personality Disorders

Feeding and Eating Disorders are characterized by persistent changes to eating or eating-related behaviors that result in altered consumption or absorption of food, significantly impairing an individual’s physical health and/or psychosocial functioning. 

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Mood disorders are mental disorders where the main feature is a disturbance in one's mood.

Mood Disorders

Sleep-Wake Disorders are defined using a multidimensional approach due to the expectations for co-existing or comorbid diagnosis in both mental and neurological health. They are largely characterized by individual’s interpretation of having dissatisfying sleep quality, timing, or amount of sleep. These complaints are often expressed alongside issues of distress or impairment during expected daytime activities. 

Sleep-Wake Disorders

Severe mental illnesses and disorders that cause abnormal cognition and perception. People with psychotic disorders lose contact with reality and experience a range of extreme symptoms including hallucinations and delusions. 
- Schizophrenia
- Delusional Disorder
- Brief psychotic disorder
- Shared psychotic disorder
- Psychotic disorder induced by medical condition
- Substance induced Psychotic Disorder

Psychotic Disorders

An adjustment disorder (AD) is a reaction to a stressful/significant life change. This reaction is marked by preoccupation with the responsible stressor shown by severe distress (more than what is typically expected) or constant thinking about the consequences of said stressor. This may alter one's mental health as a result. 

Adjustment Disorder

Anxiety disorders are characterized by features of excessive fear and anxiety, as well as related behavioral disturbances. These symptoms are often not temporary and linger beyond typical expectations. Excessiveness of these symptoms is clinician diagnosed with cultural contexts taken into consideration.

Anxiety Disorders

- Falls under the umbrella of substance use disorder. The word "addiction" is not formally recognized in the DSM-5.
- Strong, uncontrollable compulsion to administer a drug of abuse to yourself due to dependence.
- Acts on reward circuitry in the brain (dopamine) and changes the chemical composition of your brain over time.
- According to the DSM 5, only gambling addiction has been listed as a diagnosable disorder, the rest of the behavioral addictions are yet to find themselves a place on the DSM manual.

Addiction

Neurodevelopmental Disorders are conditions with onset in the developmental period, particularly, early development, often being recognized before the child enters grade school. These conditions are characterized due to developmental deficits or delays that result in impairment in areas of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. These impairments vary from very specific limitations, such as learning or control of executive functioning, to global impairments encompassing social skills or intelligence. These conditions are also noted for their frequency to co-occur amongst themselves. 

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Neurocognitive Disorders are a group of disorders characterized by the primary clinical deficit of the individual being in cognitive functioning that is acquired, not developmental. These disorders have a strongly recognized and researched disease etiology to them making them a unique intersection between psychiatry and pathology. 

Neurocognitive Disorders

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders are characterized by abusing the activation of the brain reward system through certain behaviors or the use of pharmacological substances. This often results in a sense of increased pleasure, or a “high”, encouraging reinforcement of behaviors and actions that are detrimental to or neglectful of daily activities. Due to insufficient research, repetitive behaviors that have been coined as behavioral addictions (e.g., sex addiction, exercise addiction, or shopping addiction) are excluded from this chapter.

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Depressive Disorders are recognized through the presence of common features such as sad, empty, or irritable moods that are coupled with somatic and cognitive changes affecting an individual’s ability to function. 

Depressive Disorders

Sexual Dysfunctions are characterized by clinically significant disturbances related to an individual’s ability to respond sexually or experience sexual pleasure. This requires a multidimensional approach to diagnoses by considering the biological, sociological, and psychological factors that influence the ways in which individuals experience sex. However, these disorders, do not include sexual dysfunctions that are a result of inadequate or a lack of stimulation or knowledge which may still be treated, but are not diagnosed.

Sexual Dysfunctions

Gender Dysphoria is characterized by the subjectively experienced distress that arises from the mismatch between gender identity, or internally felt sense of gender, and assigned sex at birth.

Gender Dysphoria

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders are characterized by the presence of obsessions (e.g., thoughts, urges, images), compulsions (e.g., mental or behavioral acts), or both. Characteristics that are not indicative of these disorders include developmentally normative preoccupations and rituals that may be considered excessive or persisting beyond the developmentally appropriate period. 

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Bipolar and Related Disorders are recognized by unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration, affecting the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. The presence of mania is a defining trait of bipolar disorder. These shifts range from periods of manic episodes (being extremely “up”, elated, irritable, or energized) and depressive episodes (being very “down”, indifferent, or hopeless).

Bipolar and Related Disorders

Elimination Disorders are characterized by inappropriate elimination of either urine or feces. These disorders are typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence but are based on developmental age rather than chronological age.

Elimination Disorders

A node to help create and move other nodes around

TEMP Node for DSM 

Dissociative Disorders are characterized by the disruption and/or discontinuity in the integration of consciousness, memory, motor control, perception, body representation, emotion, identity, and behavior. These symptoms can be applicable to all areas of psychological functioning and are typically experienced as unbidden intrusions into one’s awareness and behavior. This coincides with a loss of continuity in the subjective experience of the individual and/or the inability to access information or to control mental functions. 

Dissociative Disorders

Paraphilic Disorders are characterized by those paraphilias that result in distress or impairment to the individual, or, for the satisfaction of the individual, entail harm, or risk of harm, themselves or to others. Simply having a paraphilia does not meet the requirements for a diagnosis of a paraphilic disorder. 

Paraphilic Disorders

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders are characterized by exposure to a traumatic or stressful event. Symptoms and reactions vary for each case and while they may be understood in an anxiety- or fear-based context, individuals often instead prominently display anhedonic, dysphoric, dissociative, and/or aggressive symptoms. This variability in the display of symptoms imposes a distinction from other similar disorders, which then also requires that for one to be diagnosed with a trauma- and stressor-disorder, they specifically must have had explicit exposure to a traumatic or stressful event.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders are a group of conditions characterized by problems related to the self-control of emotions and behaviors. These disorders are distinct from other disorders with emotional or behavioral regulation due to the nature that these problems result in violations of the rights of others and/or significant conflict with societal norms or authority figures. These disorders and their presentation can greatly vary within the category, as well as between individuals. 


Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders are recognized through abnormalities occurring within at least one of five domains. These domains include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders are characterized by the presence of prominent somatic symptoms as well as the abnormal thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors in response to the somatic symptoms. These symptoms and the response to them result in significant distress and impairment to the individual. The symptoms themselves may sometimes be less important than the way individuals will present and interpret them.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

The Psychological Triad contains 3 points: thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These 3 areas constantly interact with one another at at times are conflicting.


Example of conflicting: You think your boyfriend is a bad influence, but your feelings for him cause you to stay with him

The Psychological Triad

Identity relates to things that we hold to be our most basic sense of self (e.g. goals, values, gender, and social roles). It involves a sense of continuity in our lives and helps take action for the future. Identity is one's definition of who they are. 

Aspects of Identity

Personality judgements occur when someone draws conclusions about an individual based on behaviors. These judgements may impact opportunities and expectancies for the target individual. 

Personality Judgements

Personality stability describes the belief that people generally maintain their personality and behaviors throughout life. 

Personality Stability

Personality traits are cognitive and behavioral patterns that remain relatively consistent across the lifespan

Personality Trait 

Theories of personality are also referred to as approaches or perspectives to personality.
- Psychoanalytic Approach
- Psychodynamic Perspective
  - Neu-Freudian Theories
- Learning and Cognitive Approaches
- Phenomenological Approach
- Biological Approach
- Humanistic Approach
- Trait Theories
- Historical Perspectives 
- Evolutionary Perspectives 
- Cultural Perspectives

Theories of Personality

How personality affects an individual's behavior in an educational setting, thereby influencing their learning experience.

Personality Psychology in Education

Personality development describes changes in personality over time and across the lifespan. 

Personality Development 

Refers to the enduring collective of traits, patterns of behavior, and characteristics that drive individuals to consistently think, feel, and act in particular ways. It is shaped by a complex interplay of factors that include genetics and innate inclinations; physical development; early childhood experiences; and culture. Different theories offer diverse explanations for the structure and development of personality, yet they all concur that personality plays a crucial role in shaping behavior.

Personality

- Organizations
- Books
- Journal Articles
-  Websites

References for Personality Psychology

Pathoplastic relationship is a term that describes a bidirectional relationship between psychopathology and personality in which they impact each other’s appearance, presentation, or expression. This means that the appearance of personality can be influenced by the existence of a psychopathology, and the psychopathology’s appearance can also differ depending on an individual’s personality traits. 

Pathoplastic Relationships

Personality psychologists can analyze several types of data to draw conclusions and test hypotheses.

 Common forms of data collection include:

- Self Reports

- Informant Reports

- Life Outcomes

- Behavioral Observations

Sources for Data in Personality Psychology

Important figures in personality psychology include: 
- Albert Bandura
- Julian Rotter
- Alfred Adler
- Erik Erikson
- Carl Jung
- Karen Horney
- Albert Bandura
- Julian Rotter
- Walter Mischel
- Abraham Maslow
- Carl Rogers
- Hans and Sybil Eysenck
- Raymond Cattell
- Gordon Allport

Important Figures in Personality Psychology

Carl Gustav Jung developed a "Neo-Freudian" theory surrounding Personalities. He describes the Psyche as the main part of his theory, with four different aspects going into it. First is the Psychic Energy, also known as “Libido.” Next, is the principle of opposites, followed by the principle of equivalence. Finally, there is the principle of entropy.

Jung's Theory of Personality

Reference for Pathoplastic Relationships 

Addictive disorders characterized by a compulsive pattern of drug use and marked by both physical and psychological dependence on the substance. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose drug use disorders. Individuals with these disorders often consume more of the substance than intended and persist in its use despite significant adverse consequences.

Substance Use Disorders

A personality disorder is a long-term deviation in behavior, thoughts, and feelings from the cultural norm and expectancies. Without treatment, a personality disorder causes distress to the individual and creates problems in functioning. 

Personality disorders

Abnormalities in the development of the nervous system that are influenced by both our genes and the environment. Developmental disorders commonly manifest as behavioral abnormalities.

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