While both groups with Conduct Disorder (CD) experienced more negative parenting than typically developing children, the study found a key distinction in how they compared to one another:

- Negative Parenting (The Commonality): Both the High CU (CD/HCU) and Low CU (CD/LCU) groups experienced similarly high levels of negative parenting. They did not differ significantly from each other in this category.

- Positive Parenting (The Difference): This was the "distinguishing factor". Children in the HCU group received significantly lower levels of positive parenting than those in the LCU group

Relationship between Distinct Subtypes of Conduct Disorder (CD) and Positive & Negative Parenting

Kerekes et al (2020) discusses findings in study conducted regarding a correlation between Conduct Disorder (CD) and Neurodevelopment problems (NDP) and Somatic health with NDP. The study consisted of 20.302 children. The study consisted of surveying the parents of twins with CD, NDP, ADHD, and LD to find correlation with somatic issues that involve GI issues lactose intolerance, constipation, diarrhea. Results found that increased odds of having migraine were seen more in girls, while the increase in epilepsy were found in boys. 

Conduct Disorder in Relation to Somatic Health in Children & Adolescents 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 17, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Conduct Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t13/


Wake Forest University

Arizona State University

Early 20th century, Childhood was largely overlooked and treated as a downward extension of adult psychopathology which downplayed the nature of childhood. 1950’s-70’s Clinical Child Psychologists uncovered the limitations of relevance of adult-centered approaches to therapy. In the 1980’s DSM-III included developmental considerations in the diagnostic criteria for childhood disorders. From 1994-2013 DSM-IV contains infants, children, and adolescents, and DSM-5 includes clinical child psychology. By the 2000’s to present developmental psychopathology evolved to study childhood disorders . Currently developmental psychopathologists study the development of children and protective factors of prevention for at risk populations.


Clinical Child Psychology (History)

Fear tendencies for children and adolescents 

- Children ages 2-4, imaginary creatures and the dark
- Children ages 5-7, natural disasters, injury, animals
- Children ages 8-11, poor academic and athletic performance
- Adolescents 12-18, peer rejection



Developmental Considerations for Clinical Child Psychology


Patterson (1982, as cited in Kramer, 2013) argued that parental behavior alters the probability of child responses. Differences in family interactions of nonaggressive and aggressive children were found that aggressive children were twice as likely as nonaggressive children to persist in behavior following parental punishment.  Parent-child interaction is reciprocal and “teach” each other behaviors that lead to child aggression.  


Parent-Child Interaction Patterns

[DSM-V] Conduct Disorder

Behavior that violates social norms, disregards others that can lead to harm. This includes rule-breaking, lying, aggression and theft in children.

Antisocial Behavior in Children & Adolescents

Kramer, G. P., Bernstein, D. A., & Phares, V. (2013). Introduction to clinical psychology (8th ed.). Pearson. 


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